Nursing Care Plan for Asthma Management

Nursing C atomic number 18 platform for asthma attack ManagementImplement and monitoring device using nursing mission for clients with chronic wellness problemsPART AAsthma is a chronic disease of the air hoses. Asthma causes the ponderousnesss in the airlines to tighten and the lining of the airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous. These changes cause the airways to become narrow, making it ch in allenging to roost. This may forego to wheezing, huskiness of breath and cough uping. Most concourse with bronchial asthma only leave emblems when they inhale a trigger such as pollen, exercise with out(p) the adept preparation, or if they catch a cold or flu.The triggers and causes for asthma symptoms qualify for distinguish sufficient people. near common triggers areAllergy triggers such as house dust mites, pollens, pets and moulds, wood dust, chemicalsFamily history of asthmaUpper respiratory tract infectionsHay fever or eczemaCigarette smokevi ral infections for example, colds and fluCold air or changes in the weatherSome medicinesExerciseFoods to which the child is allergicTypical asthma symptoms include cough upTight feeling in the chestWheezing tin whistle affray when vivaciousShortness of breathStruggling to breatheDuring an asthma attack, people often experience difficulty respire. This occurs because persons airways get swollen and narrower and it becomes a potful harder for air to get in and out of the lungs. Sometimes the swollen airways discover extra mucus, which may clog up the airways of your lungs which makes it even more difficult to breath. It apprise feel a the like(p) the person is breathing through a straw. A person with asthma may overly wheeze (a whistling sound when he or sheAsthma provoke take a psychological as well as a physical bell shape on a persons life. Factors that contribute to the psychological effects of asthma include the severity of the illness and the extent to which activ ities are limited by the disease, the calibre of social and family reenforcement available, the age at which the disease began the persons knowledge well-nigh the illness and the sufferers coping style, skills and overall personality.For most people, it is uncomfortable to guide feelings of organism different from other family sections, friends or classmates. In social situations, people with asthma may feel self-conscious active using an inhaler or having to be careful to avoid triggers that can set off an asthma attack.The desire to fit in can lead people with asthma to ignore their disease or fail to take care of it properly. This is the causal agent with Jason as he prefers not to take his ventolin in effort of his classmates as it makes him feel different. This is an issue as he suffers from familiar severe episodes of asthma which requires him to take his medicine leavely otherwise his health will be jeopardize.Chronic asthma doesnt just fall upon the person with the condition, it also affects their family. Major changes in schedules and priorities must be make to manage the family, work and the life of child which can cause prominent stress. Parents may struggle with taking time off to care for Jason when he is unwell or needs to attend one of his frequent checkup appointments. His activities may be limited, and, in many cases, their families must change how they await to accommodate the child. As for Jason, his school and social inclusion may be restricted. He may feel excluded from their school friends if they cannot take part in games, sports and social activities. Because of his chronic illness, Jason will feel different than other children which require caused him to not take his ventolin. If the chronic asthma is not managed properly, Jasons spirit of life will be impacted. The condition can lead to fatigue, underperformance or absence from school due to medical appointments or hospitalisation, psychological problems, including stre ss, anxious(predicate)ness and depression.PART B Nursing Care Plan (Diagnosis, Planning, encumbrance)DiagnosesGoals/Expected OutcomesInterventionIneffective airway clearance cogitate to airway spasm, discrimination retention, cadence of mucus.The forbearing is able to demonstrate deep coughing to assist in elucidation the airway. The diligents airway is patent and lax of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths teachings. long-suffering will verbalize understanding that allergens like dust, fumes, animal fur, pollen, and extremes oftemperature and humidity are irritants or factors that can contribute to idle airway clearance and should be avoided1. Airway management by exit the airway through suction, monitoring the chest wall retraction and respiratory rate.2. Listen to lung sounds monitor oxygen delivery.3. Assess colour, consistency and amount of lethargy.4. go on deep coughing/br eathing5. Educate client on the different factors that can trigger that can cause asthma attacksIneffective breathing pattern related to chest wall distention, and fatigue due to change magnitude work of breathing.Demonstrates effective coughing and clear breath sounds is free of cyanosis and dyspnoea. diligent roles breathing pattern is maintained as evidenced by eupnoea, normal tegument colour, and regular respiratory rate/pattern.Patient will be able to verbalize the understanding of appropriate measures to maintain a patent airway at all times by discharge.1. Monitor the frequency, rhythm and reason of breathing.2. Encourage deep coughing/breathing3. Position the clients chest semi-Fowler speckle.4. obviate people from thinking about the state of anxiety and teach how to breathe effectively.5. Reassure the client and give support when dyspnoea.Activity intolerancePatient will demonstrate skill in conserving energy while carrying out activities of daily living (ADLs).Patient will shake off no shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue on exertion.Report/demonstrate a mensurable increase in tolerance to natural action1. Energy management by determining the causes of fatigue, monitoring respiratory (respiration, dyspnoea, pallor)2. Monitor response of breathing during activity assess abnormal response in respiration, blood pressure, pulse.3. Evaluate patient roles response to activity.4.Help clients choose the activities that can be done5. let off importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity for rapprochement activities with rest.d) Evaluation Ineffective airway clearance related to airway spasm, secretion retention, amount of mucus Once all nursing intervention actions have taken place, the nurse completes an evaluation to determine of the goals for patient wellness have been met.Goals/Expected OutcomesEvaluationThe patients airway is patent and free of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, and ability to effectively cough up secretio ns after treatments and deep breaths teachings.You will need to access the airway manually and note any obstructions. If patient requires suction, re-access the airway and listen to lung sounds to resonate whether it is clear or not. Note any breathing sounds such as wheezing as this could indicate an obstruction. You will also need to monitor the chest wall retraction and respiratory rate.Assess and evaluate changes in vital signs and temperature routinely as per require. Tachycardia and hypertension may be related to increased work of breathing. Fever may develop in response to retained secretions/atelectasis.Note presence of sputum assess shade, colour, amount, odour, and consistency. May be a result of infection, bronchitis, chronic smoking, and others. A sign of infection is discoloured sputum (no longer clear or white) an odour may be present.The patient is able to demonstrate deep coughing to assist in clearing the airway.Assess cough for effectiveness and productivity not e the technique and the position of the patient. Patient should be sitting up right to promote honest expansion of the thorax.Consider possible causes for unproductive cough respiratory muscle fatigue, severe bronchospasm, thick secretions, and others.Patient will verbalize understanding that allergens like dust, fumes, animal fur, pollen, and extremes oftemperature and humidity are irritants or factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance and should be avoidedAsk the patient to provide examples of allergens that can irritate the airways and factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance. If the patient is unavailing to state the factors, the nurse will need to educate and provide appropriate randomness.Patient education will vary depending on the information verbalise as well as the patients cognitive level.Client Education Asthma self-management education is essential to the control of asthma and should be encouraged to all patients to take respons ibility for his or her own care. If asthma symptoms are controlled, the patient should have fewer exacerbations, a higher quality of life, kick tenderise costs, bumper-to-bumper progression of airway from inflammation, little morbidity, and lower risk of death from asthma.Patient asthma education can also improve beyond symptom control, such as patient knowledge about asthma and patient satisfaction and feeling of self-control. Other benefits include reduced school absences or work days, fewer exacerbations, restrictions on activities, and emergency-department visits.The burden of living with asthma can also result in depression and anxiety for the patient and/or family, and these psychological changes can compromise asthma control. Children will asthma are likely to feel embarrassed of their condition and may suffer low self-esteem. If the parents stress, social isolation, or anxiety increases, the likelihood of unforesightful asthma control in the child increases.However with proper education, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, isolation and anxiety can also be managed. Parents can help an asthmatic child avoid disturbance by asking the school teacher and/or counsellor to support and encourage the child. Having a school nurse, teacher or outside pedagog talk to the students in the class about asthma can also be quite helpful. The more informed the children are about the illness, the less likely they will be to tease a child with asthma. angiotensin converting enzyme other way for people with asthma to feel less anxious is to educate others about it. They can empower themselves by becoming an full in the illness. When they share information with family members, friends, fellow students and co-workers, everyone benefits and becomes more understanding about what its like to live with asthma.Community Resources availableAsthma Australia Asthma Australia and member Foundations deliver high quality support to people with asthma and their careers . They offer support, training and resources to the primary health care sector and when treatment is involve they ensure patients and their careers have the skills, information and power to be actively enmeshed in the decision making process. http//www.asthmaaustralia.org.au/Children_and_asthma.aspxNational Asthma Council Australia To improve the quality of life and health outcomes of people with asthma and their careers, reduce the social and sparing impact of asthma on the community and reduce the prevalence of asthma in the Australian community http//www.nationalasthma.org.au/The Asthma Foundation of Victoria (Support Group) let services to help people manage their Asthma and provide the all told Victorian community with an excellent service based on asthma advice, information and programs http//www.asthma.org.au/The Australian Lung Foundation (Victorian Support Groups) To provide caring, support and information for those with lung disease/s and for their careers and familie s. http//www.lungnet.com.au/

The effectiveness of employee performance appraisal

The goodness of employee surgical process assessment military operation estimation and retaliate trunk is viewed as the dustic model that correlates supervisory programy feedback with the employee behaviour, attitude and motivating (Gomez-Mejia, 2007 p. 21-24). Historically, the Performance Appraisal and takings dodge has been viewed as the feedback and critics frame engage to alleviate the employees in enhancing their productiveness and capital punishment by virtue of constructive feedbacks, examineing and honor past deed, background knowledge the future mean solar day goals, employee need, training and growth planning and task solving/grievance handling (Hall et al. 1989 p. 54-67). However, the Performance Appraisal and Reward transcription in the parvenu homo has been viewed as the tool for evaluation of productivity and efficiency of employees to determine their standing against the pay increments, bonus, promotions and layoff policies (Andres et al., 20 10 p. 1599-1607). This has resulted in truly reduce viewpoints about the system by employees (Reinke, 2003 p. 23-27) whereby some take it negatively as well (Daley, 2007 p. 290-293). But Cook and Crossman (2004 p. 526-541) explained that the satisfaction with the Performance Appraisal and Reward system is better in employees that play the role of both valuator and appraisee. They further explained that best results atomic number 18 obtained when 360 degree feedback system (appraising the managers) system is upright by the organisation. This is the problem that the cause proposes to address in this look into. In the modern era when employees exhibit pessimism about the Performance Appraisal and Reward system (Daley, 2007 p. 290-293) because they consider it as the perfect tool for deciding increments, bonuses, promotions and continuity in the company (Andres et al., 2010 p. 1599-1607), what makes it so vibrant in companies like KFC resulting in exalted employee motivation an d reduced attrition (Huck, 2010 p. 1-3)? The proposed topic is The effectiveness of Employee Performance Appraisal placement (EPAC) A case field of honor on KFC.1.2 Background of the establishmentKentucky Fried whiner (KFC) is the highest revenue earning chain restaurant of Yum eaterys which is ranked at number 239 on the Fortune 500 list that exceeded global revenues of 11 Billion US Dollars in year 2008. KFC is regarded as the fastest increase brand in chain restaurant segment in the knowledge base that operates like a Quick Ser ungodliness Restaurant (QSR) producing good wimp dishes under the name finger lickin good. (Huck, 2010 p. 1-3)The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Col mavinl Harland Sanders in 1952, though the idea of KFCs fried chicken actually goes back to 1930 (Shuker, 2008 p. 8-11). In UK al maven, KFC employs more than 22000 people in more than 780 stores crosswise the nation (Huck, 2010 p. 1-3).KFC was regarded as the second best employer on the Britains Top Employers 2010 list. It achieved 3.5/5 stars in Pay and Benefits, 4.5/5 stars in Training and Development and 5/5 stars each in C atomic number 18er Development, Working Conditions and Company grow in the five attributes rated by CRF Institute in the Britains Top Employers 2010 survey. (Huck, 2010 p. 1-3)KFC has an exquisite employee slaying touchstone system, promoted by pargonnt company Yum Restaurants. The Champ bank none mates rewarding system has been elementary in achieving high motivation and reducing employee turnover. (Corporate executive director Board, 2006 p. 4)1.3 Purpose of ResearchEmployee Performance Appraisal System (EPAS) is the mechanism of longitudinal (over a period of time) performance management of employees (Smither, 2001 p. 1-7). If intentional detachly, it mess result in effective bonding amongst supervisors and subordinates by virtue of open discussions, appraising strengths and weaknesses of subordinates and the work systems in which they operate, identification of trainings requirements, sensory faculty of future goals, confidence boosting, rewards and recognitions, motivation, etc (Smither, 2001 p. 1-7). The end result base be boost in organisational productivity (Gomez-Mejia, 2007 p. 21-24) and even sharpenment of the revenues and profits (Boice and Kleiner, 1997 p. 197-201). But the Performance Appraisal system needs to be figureed very in effect and efficiently to ensure that the desired outcomes supporting boost in productivity and thereof the revenues and profits can be tangibly achieved (Boice and Kleiner, 1997 p. 197-201). Gabris and Ihrke (2000 41-44) argued that ineffective measurement systems are going to be questioned by the employees and hence whitethorn be unacceptable to them. If ineffective measurement systems are followed, the EPAS pass on non be perceive to be useful and hence the race of participants in palingenesis meetings get out determine the results and not the actual performance of the employees (Bradley and Ashkanasy, 2001 p. 83-85).In this explore, the compose wants to interpret about how exemplary performance appraisal systems, like the one practiced by KFC, are designed and how are they stainlessly connect with employee motivation, productivity, and the overall organisational performance. The rewards and recognition system studied by Corporate administrator Board (2006 p. 4) emphasised on the peer relationships, spot reward system for pronto wins and celebrating individual and group successes in vibrant ways (like clap for colleagues, announcing quick wins, giving away Champ Cards, etc.). These attributes are highly advocated by Gabris and Ihrke (2000 41-44).1.4 Research QuestionsFollowing are the proposed Research Questions for the field of instructionWhat are the areas of employee performance evaluated by KFC in their EPAS?What are the criteria and performance measures applied in KFCs EPAS?How effective is KFCs EPAS in measuring employees performance?How KFCs EPAS affects motivation and future growth of the employees?What are the scope of feelers in KFCs EPAS?1.5 Research ObjectivesFollowing are the proposed Research Objectives of this resumeTo understand the features of KFCs EPAS and learn the underlying causal factors that contributed to its phenomenal success crosswise the world.To map the nurture points from KFCs EPAS with empirical evidences in schoolman literatures and understand how the academic world afford been advocating about much(prenominal) causal factors.Identify new development points that has not yet been identify by the academic world and discuss about them.Present the value additions from KFC case study to already existing supposititious background in the academic literatures.Present a detailed depth psychology of how KFC can further improve their EPAS by identifying the traits advocated by academic literatures but not prevalent in KFC EPAS.2.0 Literature reassessment2.1 doorGo mez-Mejia (2007 p. 21-24) explained that supervisors feedback by performance appraisal systems can result in two types of resolutions of the employees Cognitive receipt and Behavioural response. He analysed that dysfunctional feedbacks (ambiguous, one way, inconsistent, judgemental, misdirected, coinciding with salary increments, etc.) can cause uncooperative cognitive response and reduced employee performance and functional feedbacks (job related, two way, explicit, consistent, clear, not linked with salary increments, etc.) can result in goal oriented cognitive response and improved employee performance Gomez-Mejia (2007 p. 22). Hence, the most effective systems of appraising performance are functional, relevant, uniform and consistent. Pragmatism is important because it assistances to ensure that the system will be easily understood by employees and effectively put into action by managers (Gomez-Mejia (2007 p. 22-24). Drawing upon arguments by Briscoe Schuler (2004 p. 5-57) performance can be viewed as a combination of several factors, such as motivation, ability, working conditions and expectations. It has been established that there are certain factors that affect employees performance more than others. These factors, according to Dowling et al (1999 p. 4-29), include the compensation package, the nature of task, support from higher management, the working environment and the overall corporate culture. In this chapter, the causation has presented an organised literature review to analyse how the case study of KFC can be supported by the conjectural foundation already established by empirical theories. In essence, the inquiry dick can exclusively be designed with the help of such theoretical foundation as explained by Saunders et al. (2007 p. 44-50).2.2 Elements of Employee Performance valuationTraditionally, performance appraisal of employees has been viewed as the psychological test bed for employees that comprises of critics ratings, fin ality making on rewards and recognitions, deciding amount of salary increments, deciding future expectations, deciding continuity in the company, deciding promotions, measuring the alignment with departmental and organisational goals, etc (Elmuti et al., 1992 p. 42-48). The modern performance appraisal system is linked with quality improvement philosophies of the organisation that was originally suppositionualised by Deming (Elmuti et al., 1992 p. 44-45). However, Levy and Williams (2004 p. 881-889) argued that the modern performance appraisal theories have travelled a long way to transition from mere enforcement tool of organisational objectives and quality tar shakes to the system that influences the overall corporate culture and friendly system. This shall be very much evident in the case study of KFC where the EPAS is viewed to be contributing positively to the congenial and highly vibrant work environment in the organisation (Huck, 2010 p. 1-3).2.3 Link between EPAS, Performa nce Measures and mental faculty MotivationEPAS can directly contribute to ply motivation if it is perceived to be fair, transparent, clear, consistent, constant, bilateral and development oriented (Kavanagh et al., 2007 p. 132-137 Boice and Kleiner, 1997 p. 197-201). As reiterated by Boice and Kleiner (1997 p. 197-201) and Gomez-Mejia (2007 p. 21-24), discrete, one-sided, ambiguous, misdirected, and judgemental appraisals are perceived to be unfair and result in negative cognitive response, demotivation and reduced performance of employees. Boice and Kleiner (1997 p. 198-199) argued that surprises during annual performance reviews may result in retaliation by employees given that they deserve the right to avail continuous feedback. OConnor et al. (2010 p. 729-735) expound that performance measures need to be realistic, practical and transparent to the employees such that positive cognitive and behavioural responses can be achieved. The objective of performance appraisal system s hould be to motivate the employees to achieve highest performance levels against the measures and not get threatened by the measures perceiving that they may be used against them if supervisor is not happy OConnor et al. (2010 p. 729-735).2.4 KFCs EPAS in measuring performance and motivating their staffKFC has highly congenial and highly vibrant work environment. KFCs EPAS is designed on peer recognition model in which employees can recognise each other by giving away champion cards against quick wins. This is also carried out vertically in which juniors can reward seniors and vice versa. Such on the job recognitions are mapped with the corporate goals and values. This system in KFC meets the SSMART objectives supports organisational goals and values, simple and sincere, meaningful, adaptable, relevant and timely. (Huck, 2010 p. 1-3 Corporate Executive Board, 2006 p. 2-4)2.5 Effects of KFCs EPAS on KFC performance and competitive advantagesThe reports by Huck (2010 p. 1-3), KFC Hold ings (Malaysia) Annual Report (2009 p. 8-9) and Corporate Executive Board (2006 p. 2-4) revealed that the key competitive advantage of KFC is the high employee retention and productivity against close rivals like McDonalds. KFC has been rewarding their high performing employees consistently and have been able to retain talents by virtue of their on-the-spot recognition scheme.2.6 ConclusionsThe EPAS system should ensure congruence between organisational goals and employee performance and hence cannot be achieved in discrete form (like annual reviews). It has to be continuous and on-the-job. The model by KFC is almost linked with the theories presented by Gabris and Ihrke (2000 41-44), Kavanagh et al. (2007 p. 132-137) and Boice and Kleiner (1997 p. 197-201) that advocated transparency, consistency, bidirectional, fostering trust relationships, strengthening the colleagues on-the-job, setting of good examples, celebration of quick wins, heart to heart recognition by individuals, and celebration of group success as the key objectives of EPAS that can at last result in high employee motivation and corporate productivity.2.7 Conceptual manakinThe antecedent proposes to deportment interpretive study in which the outcomes of the primary look shall be categorised, classified, and tagged appropriately such that wise interpretations can be drawn and canvasd with the theoretical foundation of past empirical studies. The author shall examine responses to all questions with the literature review, one-to-one, such that close correlation with the past theories can be framed. Gaps in KFCs EPAS against past theories and vice versa will be identified such that the conclusions and recommendations can be drawn. This get is called qualitative interpretive study as expound by Saunders et al. (2007 p. 44-107). Also Wolcott et al. (2002 p. 85-90) termed this approach as lively speculateing explore. This is further explained in the next chapter.3.0 Research concept3.1 IntroductionAERA (2003 p. 2-11) emphasised that Research Design is the accumulation of non-homogeneous attributes of conducting the explore that helps in making the study more focussed, purposive, unbiased, valid, reliable and ethical. Further to this, Bryman and Bell (2003 p. 3-45) secernated that Research Design begins with the philosophic approach that the author wants to take and leads to appropriate pickaxs of methodology, approach, methods, instruments, consume methods, entropy collection and analytic intellection methods, pilot design and ethical considerations. The discussions follow.3.2 Research Philosophy and MethodologyBryman and Bell (2003 p. 3-45) described that two philosophies are most prevalent in social and business research studies favourableness and interpretivism. Positivists try to prove theories through and through research whereas interpreters try to learn theories through research. Hence, positivists always begin with hypotheses formulation and try to accept and reject them base on outcomes of study whereas interpreters begin with research questions and try to address them through learning from research. Hence, positivists always pick out scientific and objective research whereas interpreters prefer observational research, action research, descriptive research and critical cerebration research. (Bryman and Bell, 2003 p. 3-45)Saunders et al. (2007 44-107) described that positivists normally prefer quantitative research because it only takes numbers as inputs and comprises of scientific methods (like mathematical modelling, experimentation, statistical analysis, etc.) (Bryman, 2004 p. 59-77) whereas interpreters prefer qualitative research because it can take any form of inputs (text, numbers, pictures, etc.) and comprises of interpretive, analytical thinking and observational methods (Bryman and Bell, 2003 p. 3-24).The author perceives that positivists can frame hypotheses because they are seasoned experts in their resp ective arena subjects and are very confident about what they want to prove. The author is an unskilled in performance appraisal and hence wants to conduct this research to learn the best practices of EPAS from KFC and map them with literatures. Keeping this approach in mind, the author has selected interpretive philosophy with qualitative research.3.3 Research Approach3.3.1 Inductive Approachqualitative tecs welcome any form of valid inputs (like text, numbers, pictures, voice recording, observations, interprets, etc.) and hence deliver out inductive approach of learning (Bryman and Bell, 2003 p. 21-45). Given that the author has selected qualitative research, he wants to adopt inductive learning approach.3.3.2 Deductive Approach valued researchers only entertain numerical inputs that are applied in observational setups or mathematical and statistical models to derive the outputs. The model of learning is in the form of P Q, where P is independent variant and Q is dependent variable and denotes the processor between P and Q. This is called deductive approach of learning. (Bryman and Bell, 2003 p. 21-45)The author has not adopted this approach because the methodology chosen is Qualitative.3.4 Research Methods3.4.1 Techniques and instrumentsQualitative research is conducted using grounded theory, descriptive anthropology, phenomenology and action research techniques. Grounded theory employs learning from past theories, ethnography employs human observation and analysis, phenomenology employs learning from human experience and action research employs learning by participation and involvement. Grounded theory doesnt employ any particular(prenominal) instrument, ethnography employs observation charts, phenomenology employs structured and semi structured questionnaire and action research employs cause-effect charts. (Thompson and Walker, 1998 p. 63-69)The author wants to study EPAS by capturing human experiences (employees at KFC) and hence has proposed th e choice of phenomenology with structured questionnaire. As described by Thompson and Walker (1998 p. 63-69), structured questionnaire helps in reducing bias and improving cogency because the respondents are close fastened to the context of the questions. These reasons supported the authors choice of structured questionnaire.3.4.2 Data Sampling, collection and analysisThe author has chosen purposive sampling against quota sampling, convenience sampling and sweet sand verbena sampling. Purposive sampling deals with social occasion each possible candidate with pre-determined fashioning criteria. Quota sampling deals with purposive sampling for multiple populations with different pre-determined criteria sets, convenience sampling deals with choosing respondents by virtue of ease of access and snowball sampling deals with testing purposive sampling against multiple pre-determined criteria sets and expanding the one that is most relevant. The data collection shall be cross sectional (not tagged with historical significance) and the data analysis shall be interpretive with critical thinking approach. This is further explained in the Reflections chapter. (Cooper and Schindler, 2003 p. 34-109).3.4.3 take flight StudyAs reiterated by Saunders et al. (2007 p. 52-63), pilot study can be very useful to enhance the quality of the instrument and test the interpretations of respondents and validity of the questions asked. It also helps in measuring time taken in conducting interviews. The author proposes to conduct pilot study among few friends and request for constructive feedback to enhance the questionnaire.3.5 ConclusionsThe author has proposed to conduct the study employing interpretive philosophy, qualitative methodology, inductive learning approach, phenomenology technique, purposive sampling, cross sectional data collection and interpretive data analysis with critical thinking approach.3.5.1 Validity and ReliabilityThe validity and reliableness shall be assured by carefully designing the structured questionnaire instrument and conducting pilot study to test and enhance it. The structured questionnaire instrument shall be based on the review of most relevant literatures and will be aligned with the research questions and objectives.3.5.2 GeneralisabilityAlthough the findings shall be applicable to KFC (due to case study approach), the author shall closely map the findings with the outcomes of the literature review to achieve generalisations.4.0 Access and resource Implications4.1 Access to SubjectsThe author has access to employees in KFC given his association with the organisation. The study shall be conducted on selected employees of KFC outlets in London after obtaining permission from the Restaurant Managers.4.2 Ethical ConsiderationsThe research shall be conducted in transparent manner retentivity the rationale of study very clear to all respondents and the Restaurant Managers. The willingness to come in will be obtained from all r espondents prior to starting the study. No phantasy shall be carried out in any form or shape. In addition, the author shall ensure that the emotional aspects, beliefs and ethnic/religious origin will be highly respected in the process of conducting the study. Moreover, the author shall remark the intellectual properties of literature sources by using Harvard referencing.4.3 ResourcesThe author proposes to conduct the study alone although volunteers are always welcome. The author plans to conduct spunk to face interviews and hence will have to bear travel expenses to all outlets and look at the questionnaire in printed format. The theoretical foundation established from literature review shall be the primary resource that will help in accurate mapping with primary research and critical thinking.5.0 Proposed Action PlanThe author proposes the chase action plan for the study. The weeks are proposed to be counted from the day the author gets a go-head from his supervisor to procee d with the study. The overall project shall be completed in eight weeks including weekends whereby the author has planned to dedicate about four hours per day to the study except the Week 6 in which the author may have to work for eight to ten hours a day to expert access to all respondents and conduct the interviews. The author has planned to conduct this full research alone although volunteers to extend helping hand will always be welcomed.ActivityWeeksWK1WK2WK3WK4WK5WK6WK7WK8The chapter 1 comprising of research context, aim and objectives, research questions and research structure design will be completed.The author shall conduct drawn-out research on various journal articles, past research reports, peer reviewed internet sites, books etc. and prepare the list of relevant literatures that shall be include in the References section.The author shall complete Literature Review Chapter (2) and Research Design and Methodology chapter (3).The author shall conduct purposive sampling to select respondents, design the questionnaire and conduct the interviews. (parts of chapter 4)The author shall interpret the responses, map with literature review, discuss the mappings critically and them present the conclusions and generalisations. (Parts of Chapter 4 and the entire Chapter 5).6.0 Reflections on LearningAs explained by Evans (2007 p. 1-4), the research is closely implicated with the ethics, values and cultural identity of the researcher. The philosophical considerations of the research is closely linked with what the researcher wants to achieve out of the study. Evans (2007 p. 104) and Cornish et al. (2007 p. 1-16) further described that the researcher may like to conduct research to study a problem area in depth that he/she wants to address in future, to closely study and understand the subject matter where he/she wants to build his life, discover the solutions to problems that has been bothering him/her for a long time, prove the earth of some theories or cor relations between some variables that he/she has discovered during his/her experience in this world, to promote the light of education and learning, etc. The learning methods in research has often clashed in the past like the epistemological oppositions between Interpretivism and Positivism that has been prevailing for ages (Lorenz, 1998 p. 309-316). The interpreters have been largely depending upon human analytics skills and positivists have been largely depending upon scientific evidence of existing phenomena in natural sciences (Lorenz, 1998 p. 309-316). But Bowden (2005 p. 4-52) and Irez (2007 p. 17-27) presented very unique reflection that can diminish all conflicts and standoffs among different believers. He explained that every researcher wants to know the truth and hence it doesnt matter how he/she knows the truth as long as he is able to get to it. The truth always more important than beliefs of individuals (Irez (2007 p. 18-19). If this is the case then why shouldnt we f orget all the conflicts and employ the best of all philosophies and methodologies? He analysed that this archetype approach may be correlated with the philosophy of Realism which is incomplete linked with positivism nor with interpretivism. Every research is in fact the relationship between subjects and aspects of the world. This is what comprises of the truth. One may like to know the truth by engaging with the subjects (interpretivism) or with the aspects of the world (positivism) or with both (realism). This can be understood from the following figure presented by Bowden (2005)Figure 1 The concept of Realism presented by Bowden (2005)The outcome may be descriptive, analytical or critical thinking. In descriptive outcome, the researcher may like to describe the outcomes to build a new theory, in analytical outcome the researcher may like to analyse the outcomes with respect to past theories and in critical thinking outcome the researcher may like to critically think on existing perceptions or existing ways of thinking and compare with the research outcomes to evolve the similarities and differences. (Bowden, 2005 p. 4-52 Wolcott et al., 2002 p. 85-103)As described by Wolcott et al. (2002 p. 85-103), critical thinking is a human skill that is developed by cognitive thinking and analysis (learning from the tangible evidences with a wider out of box thinking approach). It uncomplete involves open ended interpretations nor a blind belief on experimentation or simulation results. The researcher applies cognitive thinking to all the outputs by comparing with multiple valid evidences (inputs) without showing any bias towards a particular type of input.The author has adopted critical thinking approach in this study. In this approach the author shall first develop theoretical foundation about the EPAS framework by browsing through various research reports, journal articles, books, peer reviewed Internet sources, etc. and short-listing the most relevant resources w ith respect to the research questions and research objectives. The structured questionnaire shall be an outcome of the theoretical foundation formed with the help of the literature review and shall be closely aligned with all the research questions. The responses of structured questionnaire will be closely mapped with the literature review by interpreting and analyzing the outcomes of each question individually and comparing with the theoretical foundation. The differences and similarities between the literature review outcomes and the structured questionnaire outcomes will be evolved by following critical thinking approach and ultimately the conclusions, recommendations and generalisations will be presented.The author believes in knowing the truth and hence is highly influenced with the realism philosophy. However, interpretivism has been selected in the research design because the author is not a subject matter expert of EPAS and hence wants to learn it by following the inductiv e learning approach. In future, the author wants to develop his career as human resources manager and hence wants to learn the best practices of EPAS thoroughly given that the author perceives it to be the most difficult challenge in human resources management given that the recipients are the agents that are highly impact by the EPAS framework.In general, the author wants to develop his skills pertaining to focussed research, discovering the sources of information, finding the truth, critical analytics and deriving specific and general conclusions. These skills are very important in human resources management field because all policies and procedures (like the EPAS framework) are results of reflections from the employee surveys and measurement of their performance at work (Bradley and Ashkanasy, 2001 p. 83-96). The framework itself is meaningless if the criteria of measurements, evaluations and decision making is not understood and accepted by both the parties the appraisers and the appraisees. If the author achieves the role of pitying Resources Manager, he perceives that two way communications based on research efforts and fact finding efforts will be key to success and accurate data and information will be the key driver to roaring HR planning and implementation, especially in designing the EPAS framework. These skills can be generated with the help of this study.Finally, the author wants to reiterate that he will take the learning to his professional world and apply them as actionable outcomes, not only to practice his profession efficiently and effectively but also conduct more academic research studies in future. This study is expected to be very useful for students as well as professionals.

Transaction Management And Concurrency Control Computer Science Essay

relations prudence And Concurrency Control Computer Science EssayAs to a greater extent ne dickensrks and infobases atomic number 18 connected together, the importance of a solid entropybase instruction agreement becomes app bent. performance and Concurrency Control, Recovery and easement, and aegis atomic number 18 major functions that should be examined when choosing the worsen remains. Databases which contain your companys valu subject information essential be prissyly fostered, indorse up, and secure from information loss and unauthorized feeler.In response to this submitment, twain prophesier and Microsoft entertain implemented strong features into their entropybase products. This paper comp atomic number 18s the offerings of the devil infobases in terms of features, functionality, and ease of fightment.Table of ContentsIntroductionOverviewa) SQL host Overviewb) vaticinator OverviewTransaction Management and Concurrency Controla) Overview of Tran saction Management and Concurrency Controlb) SQL master of ceremonies TM and CCc) vaticinator TM and CCd) ComparisonBackup and Recoverya) Overview of Backup and Recoveryb) SQL legion B and Rc) visionary B and Rd) ComparisonSecuritya) Overviewb) SQL host Securityc) vaticinator Securityd) ComparisonConclusionIntroductionThis paper will endure a comparative review of three infobase steering dodging functions exploit and concurrency find, recuperation and ease, and bail, in the midst of Microsoft SQL emcee and oracle. The purpose is to enhance understanding of infobase functionality and, d whiz comparison, provide insight into the commonalities and differences among two different systems.Overview of Database Management SystemsMicrosoft SQL server is a relational informationbase server, with its primary languages organism T-SQL and ANSI SQL. ANSI SQL is the Ameri puke National Standards implant standardized SQL and is rehearsed as the base for several different S QL languages, including T-SQL. T-SQL is a proprietary extension that uses keywords for the various operations that brush off buoy be performed, such as creating and altering infobase abstracts, entering and editing selective information, and managing and monitoring the server. Any act that works by SQL Server will communicate via T-SQL asseveratements. T-SQL has some differences/extensions to shadoweronical SQL, including local variables, witness of flow language, alters to delete and up visit averments, and support functions for date and string processing, and mathematics.Version 1.0 of SQL Server was released in 1989 and originated in Sybase SQL Server. Microsoft later end the co-licensing agreement with Sybase and went on to develop their own mutant of SQL Server. The in style(p) version is SQL Server 2008, released on August 6, 2008, and admits many improvements to speed and functionality, which will be discussed in further detail below.Sample SQL Server Architec ture plat1 oracle Database is a relational database management system produced by oracle Corporation. Users can utilize the proprietary language extension to SQL, PL/SQL, or the object-oriented language Java to store and execute functions and stored procedures.Oracle V2 was first released in November 1979 and did non support works, plainly had basic enquiry and join functionality. The latest version is Oracle Database 11g, released in 2007, and includes many enhancements to functionality, which will be discussed in further detail below.Sample Oracle 11g Architecture Diagram2Transaction Management and Concurrency ControlOverviewA consummation, a single transpargonnt unit of work, is an action or series of actions that are performed by a user or application which can access or transport the database contents. A exertion results in database transformation from one consistent state to a nonher, and can every result in success or failure. A failed accomplishment is aborted a nd the database doctors to the previous consistent state. The Database Management System is responsible for fashioning sure all updates related to the work are carried step to the fore, or that st efficiency is maintained in the case of a failed deed. Transactions have four basic properties Atomicity, amity, Independence, and strong suit (ACID). Atomicity means that it is a single unit of work. Consistency ensures that data is continuously held firmly together in a persistent state, even after a failed exercise or crash. Independence ensures that the effects of an incomplete transaction are contained and non visible to other transactions. Durability ensures that successful transactions result in permanent changes to the state of the database.Concurrency control is the process of managing and controlling synchronous database operations. This is engaged because actions from different users and operations moldiness not interfere with functionality, or the database could be left in an unconformable state. Potential problems that concurrency control can solve are lost updates, discordant analysis, and un affiliated dependencies. The two main concurrency control techniques are locking and convictionstamping.3SQL Server TM and CCSQL Server fulfills the ACID requirements by employ transaction management, locking, and logging. An explicit transaction is created in SQL Server by utilize the contract TRANSACTION and COMMIT TRANSACTION commands. ROLLBACK TRANSACTION rolls back a transaction to the beginning or another save point at heart the transaction. SAVE TRANSACTION sets a savepoint within the transaction by dividing the transaction into synthetical units that can be returned to if constituent of the transaction is conditionally cancelled. fasten ensures transactional integrity and database consonance. In SQL Server, locking is mechanically implemented, and provides both optimistic and discouraged concurrency controls. Optimistic concurren cy control assumes that choice conflicts are unlikely but not impossible, and go forths transactions to execute without locking resources. Pessimistic concurrency control locks resources for the duration of a transaction. SQL Server can lock the following resources RIDs, keys, pages, extents, sidesteps, and databases. It utilizes several lock rules, including constituentd, update, sole(a), intent, and schema locks. Shared locks allow for coincident read operations that do not change or update data, such as a assign argumentation. Update locks encumber a common form of dead-end street that occurs when double sessions are reading, locking, and potentially updating resources later. pocket locks are employ for data modification operations, such as INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE, and ensure that twofold updates lingo be get under ones skin on the aforesaid(prenominal) resource at the aforementioned(prenominal) quantify. Intent locks are used to establish a lock hierarchy, and include intent handled, intent exclusive, and componentd with intent exclusive locks. Schema locks are used when a schema dependent operation of a submit is executed, and include schema modification and schema stability locks.4A deadlock occurs when two transactions have locks on separate objects and each user is time lag for a lock on the other object. SQL Server can set deadlock priority by scanning for sessions that are waiting for a lock request, and the sight DEAD cast away_PRIORITY command to customize deadlocking. The SET clam up_TIMEOUT command can set the maximum time that a dictation waits on a blockadeed resource, because the timeout period is not gived by default.5Oracle TM and CCOracle Database offers two isolation aims, providing developers with operational modes that preserve body and provide high performance. Statement level read organic structure mechanically provides read consistency to a query so that all the data the query captures comes from a si ngle point in time when the query began. The query never sees any pestiferous data or changes made during query accomplishment. Transaction level read consistency extends read consistency to all queries in a transaction. Oracle uses push back segments, containing old determine of data that have been changed by uncommitted or recently committed transactions, to provide consistent views and does not expose a query to phantoms.Oracle Real Application Clusters (RACs) use cache-to-cache block transfer to transfer read-consistent images of blocks between instances. It uses high speed, low latency interconnects to answer remote data block requests.Isolation levels provided by Oracle Database are read committed, serializable, and read-only. Users can take up the appropriate isolation levels for transactions depending on the type of application and workload, using these statements SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE and SET TRANSACT ION READ ONLY. The demasculinise SESSION function can then be used to change isolation level for different transactions.Read committed is the default transaction isolation level. Each query executed by a transaction sees data committed out front the query began. Oracle Database does not prevent other transactions from modifying the data read by a query, so that data can be changed by other transactions between two query executions. This can lead to non-repea tabular array reads and phantoms in cases where the transaction runs the self kindred(prenominal) query twice. This isolation level is good for when few transactions are likely to conflict, and can provide higher(prenominal) potential throughput.Serializable transactions see only changes made at the beginning of the transaction, plus changes in the transaction itself through INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements. These transactions do not experience non-repeatable reads or phantoms. This isolation level is suitable for bighe arted databases and short transactions that update few hagglings, when on that point is a low chance that two concurrent transactions will modify the same trends, or where longsighted- track transactions are primarily read-only. A serializable transaction can modify a data actors line only if it can determine that prior changes were committed before the current transaction began. Oracle Database uses control information in the data block to indicate which lines have committed and uncommitted changes. The centre of memoir that is retained is determined by the INITRANS parameter of require and ALTER TABLE. To fend off having insufficient recent history information, higher values can be set for INITRANS for tables that will have many transactions updating the same blocks. If a serializable transaction fails with the CANNOT SERIALIZE ACCESS error, the application can either commit the work executed to that point, execute additional statements with ROLLBACK, or break the comp leted transaction.Read-only transactions see only changes made at the time the transaction began and dont allow INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements.Oracle Database uses locks to control simultaneous access to data resources. Low-level serialization mechanisms called latches are used to protect shared data structures in the System Global Area. Oracle automatically gets the necessary locks when executing SQL statements, using the lowest applicable level of restrictingness to provide the highest possible data concurrency and data integrity. The user may excessively lock data manually. There are two modes of locking exclusive and share lock modes. Exclusive lock mode prevents the associated resource from macrocosm shared, and is obtained to modify data. The first transaction to lock the data is the only one which can modify it until the lock is released. Share lock mode allows the associated resource to be shared, depending on the operations. Users reading data can hold share loc ks to prevent a saver access. Multiple transactions can have share locks on the same resource. All locks created by statements within a transaction last until the transaction is completed or undone.Because row locks are acquired at the highest degree of restrictiveness, no lock conversion is needed or performed. Oracle automatically converts table lock restrictiveness from lower to higher as appropriate. Lock escalation is when multiple locks are held at one level of granularity, and a database raises the locks to a higher level of granularity. An example is converting many row locks into one table lock. Oracle Database never escalates locks, because this increases the chances of deadlocks. A deadlock occurs when two or more users are waiting on data locked by each other. This can prevent transactions from continuing to work. Oracle automatically detects deadlocks and solves them by rolling back one of the statements. User generated deadlocks can be avoided by locking tables in the same order for transactions accessing the same data.Oracle Database locks fall into three general categories DML locks (data locks), DDL locks (dictionary locks), and intrinsic locks and latches.DML locks protect data (i.e. tables, rows). The purpose is to guarantee the integrity of data accessed by multiple users. rowing locking is the finest granularity and has the best possible concurrency and throughput. A transaction always acquires an exclusive row lock for each private row change by INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT with the FOR UPDATE clause. If a transaction uses a row lock, it withal uses a table lock for the corresponding table. Table locking is mainly used for concurrency control with DDL operations. Table locks are used when a table is modified by the INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT with FOR UPDATE, and LOCK TABLE DML statements. These statements require table locks to reserve DML access to the table for the transaction and to prevent counterpoint DDL operations. Table locks can be used at both table and subpartition level for partitioned tables. A table lock can be held in the following modes, from least to most restrictive row share (RS), row exclusive (RX), share (S), share row exclusive (SRX), and exclusive (X).A row share table lock is the least restrictive, and has the highest degree of concurrency for a table. It indicates the transaction has locked rows in the table and intends to update them. It is specify by the statement LOCK TABLE IN ROW SHARE expressive style. A row exclusive table lock is slightly more restrictive, and indicates the transaction property the lock has made one or more updates to rows in the table or issued a SELECT FOR UPDATE statement. It is specified by LOCK TABLE IN ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE. A share table lock is made automatically for a table specified by the statement LOCK TABLE IN SHARE MODE. A share row exclusive lock is more restrictive and is made for a table specified by the statement LOCK TABLE IN SHA RE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE. Exclusive table locks are the most restrictive and are specified by the statement LOCK TABLE IN EXCLUSIVE MODE.DDL locks protect the structure of schema objects (i.e. table definitions). Internal locks and latches are automatic and protect internal data structures such as data sends. Only individual schema objects that are modified or advertd are locked during DDL operations. The entire data dictionary is never locked. DDL locks have three categories exclusive DDL locks, share DDL locks, and breakable break down locks. Exclusive and share DDL locks last until DDL statement execution and automatic commit is complete.Most DDL operations require exclusive DDL locks for a resource to prevent interference with other DDL operations that might reference the same object. If another DDL lock is already held, then the operation essential wait until the other lock is released to proceed. DDL operations likewise create DML locks on the modified schema object.Some DD L operations require share DDL locks to allow data concurrency for similar DDL operations. A share DDL lock is created for the following statements AUDIT, NOAUDIT, COMMENT, take in (OR REPLACE) VIEW/ PROCEDURE/ PACKAGE/ PACKAGE BODY/ FUNCTION/ TRIGGER, CREATE SYNONYM, and CREATE TABLE (if CLUSTER is not used).Breakable parse locks are acquired is created for a SQL statement and each schema object it references. A parse lock does not restrict any DDL operation and can be broken to allow conflicting DDL operations. It is created in the parse phase of SQL statement execution and held as long as the shared SQL area for the statement is in the shared pool.Latches and internal locks protect internal database and memory structures. Users cannot access them. Latches are simple, low-level serialization mechanisms to protect shared data structures in the system global area. The use of latches is dependent on the operating system. Internal locks are higher-level, more complex mechanisms and i nclude dictionary cache locks, file and log management locks, and tablespace and rollback segment locks. Dictionary cache locks are very short and are on dictionary caches while the entries are being modified or used. They make sure that parsed statements dont have inconsistent object definitions. They can be shared or exclusive shared last until the parse is finished and exclusive last until the DDL operation is finished. buck and log management locks protect different files. They are held for a long time because they indicate the status of files.Tablespace and rollback segment files protect tablespaces and rollback segments. All instances must agree whether a tablespace is online or offline. Rollback segments are locked to make sure that only one instance can write to a segment.6ComparisonMicrosoft SQL Server is enabled to lock smaller amounts of data at a time, which is a big improvement. There is row-level locking, so now SQL Server locks only the rows that are actually being c hanged. However, SQL Server has no multi-version consistency model, which means that reads and writes can block each other to ensure data integrity. The difference with Oracle is that the database maintains a snapshot of the data, which prevents queries from hanging without performing dirty reads.Backup and RecoveryOverviewDatabase concomitant and recovery mechanisms ensure that organizations have prepared a copy of their data, or have the tools necessary to recover from a failure. A failure is a state where inconsistency prevents transactions from arrive at the desired results. Some types of failures are transaction failure, system failure, media failure, and communications failure. Transaction failure may be caused by deadlocks, time-outs, protection violations, or system errors. Transaction failures can be solved with either a fond(p) or total rollback, depending on the extent of the failure. System failures can be recovered with a restart, or rollback to the last consistent state. pertain/roll forward functions help with restoring the database after a media failure.SQL Server B and RSQL Server databases consist of two physical hard oblige files, the MDF and LDF files. MDF files contain all of the data being stored. LDF files contain a rule book of every data change. Logging data changes make undo operations and backups possible. The log file is cleared, or truncated, after a certain amount of time, which is determined by the database recovery model. SQL Server can maintain multiple databases, with different recovery model settings. The recovery model can be either simple, full, or bulk-logged.With simple recovery, log files are not kept permanently, so when this setting is activated, a full backup must be done. Full backups restore all of the data and cannot be set to a specific time.The full recovery setting refers to a database with a transaction log file history. The log files constrain track of every data change operation. The database will st op working if the log file runs out of space, so the auto grow function can be enabled.When running in full recovery, differential and transaction log backups become available. derived function backups copy all data changes since the last full backup. Every time a full backup is run, the differential backup is reset. Transaction log backups copy all data changes since the last full or transaction log backup. They are usually very small and fast. The disadvantage is the level of recovery if any log backup is damaged or unusable, the data is not recoverable past the last good backup.7Oracle B and ROracle databases can be backed up using export/import, cold or off-line backups, hot or on-line(a) backups, or RMAN backups. Exports extract logical definitions and data from the database to a file. Cold or off-line backups shut down the database and backup all data, log, and control files. acerb or on-line backups set the tablespaces into backup mode and backup the files. The control fil es and archived redo log files must also be backed up. RMAN backups use the rman utility to backup the database. More than one of these methods can and should be used and tested to make sure the database is securely backed up.On-line backups can only be done when the system is open and the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode. off-line backups are performed when the system is off-line the database doesnt have to be in ARCHIVELOG mode. It is easier to restore from off-line backups because no recovery is required, but on-line backups are not as disruptive and dont require database downtime. Point-in-time recovery is available in ARCHIVELOG mode only.8ComparisonStarting with version 10g, Oracle Database adopted the Automatic computer memory Management (ASM) feature, which automates warehousing management after a certain point. The DBA allocates storage devices to a database instance and it automates the placement and storage of the files. SQL Server storage management must be done manually , using the Share and Store Management Console in SQL Server 2008, or must purchase a separate tool. Oracles Flash Recovery feature automates the management of all backup files. The Flash Recovery area is a unified storage office for all recovery related files in the Oracle database. The DBA can also change the storage configuration without having to take the database offline. SQL Server also provides the ability to manage backup files, using a backup wizard to manage the relevant files, but does not do it automatically. SQL Server 2008 introduced improvements in backup compression. With compression, less disk I/O and storage is required to keep backups online, resulting in increase speed. Tradeoffs seem to be between SQL Servers speed and Oracles increase functionality.In Oracle, backups are fully self-contained, but in SQL Server the DBA must manually recreate the system database using the install CD. Oracle also uses the Data Recovery Advisor (DRA) tool to automatically diagnose data failures, show repair options, and execute repairs at the users request. Oracles Flashback technology allows for instant recovery of dropped tables and logical data corruptions. SQL Server provides for data recovery by rebuild the transaction log, running repair to fix any corruptions, and ensure the logical integrity of data is not broken.9SecurityOverviewSecurity is an important part of any organizations database management system. According to Dr. Osei-Brysons lecture notes, security breaches are typically categorized as unauthorized data observation, preposterous data modification, or data unavailability. Unauthorized data observation discloses confidential information to users without the proper permissions. Incorrect data modification can be either knowing or unintentional, but can be devastating to database consistency and can result in unreliable data. Unavailable data can be very costly to an organization, depending on how the data is used.Three requirements for a d ata security plan include secrecy and confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Secrecy and confidentiality protects data from being accessed by unauthorized parties. Database integrity is important to protect the data from incorrect or improper modification. Availability means preventing and minimizing the damage from unavailable data.Database management systems include some form of access control mechanism to make sure each user has access to only the data they require to perform their jobs. Users are granted certain authorizations by a security executive director to determine which actions can be performed on each object. The database administrator is responsible for account creation, assigning security levels, and granting/revoking privileges.SQL Server SecuritySecurity is an integral part of SQL Servers package, according to a recent White makeup commissioned by Microsoft.10Security features for Microsoft SQL Server 2008 include policy-based management to expend policies to database objects. These policies contain a collection of conditions that can be used to enforce business and security rules.Oracle SecurityOracle 11g uses supports strong assay-mark through KPI, Kerberos, and Radius for all connections to the database except connections made as SYSDBA or SYSOPER. Tablespace encryption provides an alternative to transparent data encryption column encryption by enabling the encryption of the entire tablespace. This is best used with large amounts of data. The transparent data encryption master key can be stored in an external hardware security module for stronger security. 11g also provides increased password protection, secure file permissions, optional default audit settings, and controls on the network callouts from the database.11ComparisonIn SQL Server, transparent data encryption encrypts and decrypts data in the database engine and doesnt require more application programming. The functionality is included in SQL Server 2008, but requires a $10,000 per processor additional charge with Oracle Database 11g. SQL Server 2008 allows Extensible Key Management and Hardware Security mental faculty vendors to register in SQL Server and provide management that is separated from the database. This insularism of keys from the data provides an additional layer of defense. SQL Server 2008 also has auditing support through an Auditing object, which allows administrators to capture and log all database server activity.The National Vulnerability Database, provided by the National Institute of Science and Technology, reported over 250 security vulnerabilities with Oracle products over a four year period, and none with SQL Server. The report did not list the type and severity of the vulnerabilities, or which specific products were affected, but there seems to be a trend toward vulnerability.Microsoft Update is a fairly unequivocal and easy to use patching solution for SQL Server. Computerworld called Oracles patch management system in volved excruciating pain and two-thirds of Oracle DBAs dont apply security patches. Oracle seems to be behind in patch management at this time.SQL Server can also prevent highly privileged users from accessing sensitive data through use of the auditing object, assigning individual permissions, module signing, Policy-based management, and additional functionality. Oracle uses Database Vault to control privileged access, but costs 20k per processor.ConclusionThe comparative review of Transaction Management and Concurrency, Recovery and Backup, and Security functions on Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle 11g database has shown that there are many similarities in the functionality between the two companies, but also key differences in database management philosophy. I larn that SQL Server seems to have the edge on speed and better security, but Oracle is making many advances in high level functionality and is scratch line to automate many features than in previous years. I was also able to improve my understanding of the DBMS functions by examining their practical application in separate systems.

Determinants of the Aggregate Inward FDI Flow to Pakistan

Determinants of the Aggregate Inward FDI Flow to PakistanCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONOver take inglobalization which gave birth to the concept of interdependence of countries and their economies has been defined as the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integ regula arised with the assistance of global lucre of sell, communication and transportation. This whollyowed the inductors to invest or transfer their superior where ever they cute which introduced the concept of unlike head up enthronization. Since the recent financial crisis in Asia and Latin America growing as swell up as newly modify countries have been advised to rely mainly on FDI for stinting festering and supplement national savings by superior inflows. Developing countries in break awayicular are in need of investiture funds funds for their development and the coronation total in landing fieldity of cases is bulkyer than the neat intern savey available. Therefore, F DI has emerged as most important source of generating capital compulsory for development of acclivitous countries. Currently Foreign handle Investment has become one of the major(ip) sources of economic development, modernization, employment, income appendage, capital gene symmetryn and a channel for the transfer and gate to advance technologies as well as organizational and managerial skills.Recognizing this fact, developing countries try their train best to lure as much as of FDI as they raft. But attracting FDI is non that much simple, it requires huge efforts on the part of policy makers and authorities.Variety of work outs is considered by an investor before making enthronisation in a particular irrelevant field. Those were labeled as determinants of FDI, and may vary from artless to sphere. Pakistan is currently facing a huge shortf solely of capital to finance its major development projects and to run the organisation operations smoothly.The country requires capital to fulfill the growing needs in defense, bag, education and variety of different aspects of serioussignificance to progress.Since 1990s there has been noteworthy annex in flow of capital investments to developing countries, which motivateddiscussions in literature concerning determinants of such coronation flows.This trend was allow of liberal trade policies, variations in economics relate fundamentals of emergent countries, development of capital markets and transformations in economic conditions around the globe.This seek wallpaper tries to investigate the situation of economic fundamentals in driving enthronement flows.Past search on the economic fundamentals as determinants of distant count enthronization dual-lane economic fundamentals into two broad categories of puff of air factors and carry on factors. Push factors were considered as those economic fundamentals that relateto industrial or developed countries and motivate capital flows,in contrast pull factors exist of economic fundamentals of recipient countries that attract capital flows.One of the major push factors as cited in the past inquiry was kibosh back of the economies of the developed countries (Calvo, 1992 Fernandez-Arias, 1996 Haque, 1997 Montiel and Reinhart, 1999).Pull factors consist of Supply of money and local ingatheringivity of the recipient country (Calvoet al., 1992 Lensink and White, 1998). Calvoet al. (1992)argued that push factors contribute more than pull factors in emergence of capital transfer.Vita and Kyaw (2008) suggested that variations in internalated confess and productivity of the unknown country were main determinants of portfolio and FDI flows.Dunning (1993) by combining prior look on the determinants of FDI came up with OLI? precedent that realmd global manufacturing as function of ownership, localization and internationalization.Variety of theories have been developed regarding the determinants of FDI such as industrial orga nization theory, the pure trade theory, classical theory relating international investiture flows, and locational factor theories.Classical theory relating the international investment flow states that when return on investment crossways countries under autarchy change the investments get out budge from lower to high(prenominal) return providing country. Therefore, this theory assumes outside(prenominal) guide on investment as function of dis similarity of return on investment.Wilhborg (1978)argued that volatility in the exchange array would decrease the come up of portfolio investment and that had withal been well-grounded for FDI(Black, 1977). According to Kohlhagen (1977) the firms that expect devaluation in the currency of exotic country would put back its investment till the time when exporting becomes profi card. Study also cogitate that the higher the exchange respect, the lower the amount of FDI because this phenomena would make exporting relationally less pro fitable.1.2 Problem statementTo detect the best determinants of the aggregate private FDI flow to Pakistan.1.3 HypothesisThis particular research primarily focused on testing the following hypothesisH1 gross domestic product has corroboratory adjoin on FDI.H2 Infra bodily structure disbursement has substantiating mend on FDI.H3 Taxes has interdict extend to on FDI.H4 Inflation has prejudicial push on FDI.H5 GDP per capita suppuration has convinced(p) equal on FDI.H6 flip consider has compulsive affect on FDI.H7 entertain lay has invalidating conflict on FDI.1.4 trace of the StudyThe first chapter of the research focuses on giving basic view of the research and provides information on the overview, issues, purpose and basic theories on the determinants of FDI. In the chapter existing work done by various researchers and past empiric studies have been discussed. The third chapter provides details regarding practical carrying out of the research and describes information collection and analysis procedures. Finally, the remnant chapter gives details regarding the results of the research.1.5 DefinitionsAll the chosenfor predicting FDI were variants that had been used in prior researchand theories relatingFDI.1.5.1 electronic network Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)The net amount of foreign convey investment received by Pakistan measured in current US dollars.1.5.2 Inflation (I)The variable represents yearbook change (%) in the commodities that fall in the category of CPI.1.5.3 evoke reckon (IR)The variable represents the annual rateof interest (%) offered by banks operating in Pakistan on the deposits by customers.1.5.4 supplant rate (ER)Measured as the rateof converting 1 US $ into Pakistani rupees (1 US $ = Rs.).1.5.5 Infrastructure expenditure (IE)Represents the annual amount spent by government on Pakistan on the development of al-Qaida in the country. The variable is measured by annual amount of Public Sector Development pol itical program (PSDP) fund and social unit of measurement was rupees in million.1.5.6 Taxes (T)The variable represents the annual rate of tax (%) applicable on the profits of corporate companies operating in Pakistan.1.5.7 Gross domestic product (GDP)Represents the total tax of sobers and services (at factor cost) produced in Pakistan measured in Rs. Million.1.5.8 GDP per capita growth rate (GDPG)The variable represents the annual rate of growth (%) in the gross domestic product per capita, of Pakistan.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWA lot of research has already been conducted in the field of identifying the best determinants of Foreign Direct Investment by various researchers. Most of the research work conducted implies that the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment vary from country to country and from location to location. The purpose of this research is to draw out the violation of Labor cost (Wage), Inflation (I), vex rate (IR), convert rate (ER), Infrastructure expenditu re (IE), Taxes (T), GDP and GDP per capita growth (GDPG) on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Pakistan. The study hypothe size of its positive kindred between GDP, GDP per capita growth, Infrastructure expenditure and exchange rate with FDI whereas Wage, ostentation, Taxes and Interest rate relate negatively with FDI.Pursuing the same objectives Kok and Ersoy (2009) conducted study that do attempt to investigatethe best determinants of FDI in developing countries. Study hypothesized and cerebrate that GDP, inflation, Trade, GDP per capita growth,Gross fixed capital formation and communication (telephone) are positively related with FDI whereas inflation and total debt/ GDP had negative relationship. Barrel and put out (1996) in their empirical studies establish that FDI and both the acceleration and take of gross national product were positively related. In addition unit diligence cost and relative capital cost also had positive relationship with outward-bound str aight off investment. search suggested that in short run funds availability tinges investment timing. Research of Barrel and Pain et al.related to this particular thesis because it tried to identify probable impact of factor prices and demand across countries, as well as exchange rate expectations in determining the total level of foreign direct investment (FDI) by United States companies. According to Janeba (2002) investment cost and government credibility has crucial impact on the level of indwelling foreign direct investment, suggesting that MNCs would pick out to invest in politically stable countries. The research also concluded that when any politically unsteady country has cost advantage over otherwise countries MNC will invest efficient amount in that particular country and will hold excess capacity elsewhere. According to the conventional wisdom lack of perpetration from the government discouraged foreign direct investment in emergent countries.The research work d one by Harvey (1990) focused on the macroeconomic determinants of FDI in addition to variables relating to different industry groups and tried to identify the impact of these variables on the self-whispered FDI flow of the recipient country. Research suggested that switch rate and Sales had significant impact on the foreign direct investment, whereas taxes did not have any significant role in explaining foreign direct investment.Following bit different framework research conducted by Rolfe, Ricks, arrow and McCarthy (1993) made an attempt to check investors investment decision on the understructure of various investment inducements provided by countries in the Caribbean region. The study demonstrated that all inducements do not evenly plea to all investors. The investment characteristics would view which incentives firm manager will prefer. According to the study incentives chosen by firms exporting their productsvary from those firms that sale product in local markets, compan iesopening operations in a new state had different inducement preferences than firms involved in growing or purchasingprevailing operations, incentive choicesoccasionally differ by state of investment, incentives varyreliant upon the products made, handsome financiersselect different motivations than those preferred by smaller companies and incentive inclinations can waffle on yearly basis. In short the research concluded that incentive preferences can be represented as a function of the investment type, countries involved, the market positioning of the investing companies, type of products produced by the investing company, amount of the capital invested, and investment time.Terpstra and Yu (1988) tried to examine the impact of firm-specific advantages and locational factors on the foreign investment made by advertising agencies of U.S. Study focused ondetermining role of market size of recipient country, geographic nearness of recipient country, size of the investing firm, exper ience of investing firm in international operations, oligopolistic rejoinder and existence of basismade country clientelesoverseason FDI. The research depicted that U.S. advertising agencies prefer to invest in those foreign countries having large market size, did not discriminated countries on the basis of their geographic location, inclined to enter foreign market with bigger firm size, tended international expansion with increasing understanding of international operations, reacted oligopolistically season making foreign investment and followed client firms belonging to home country epoch going abroad. Additionally research establish that oligopolistic reaction had stronger impact in 1984 compared to 1972, intensity of competition had significant impact on oligopolistic reaction and top agencies witnessed stronger impact of oligopolistic reaction.Another study tried to examine determinants of FDI by using macroeconomic variables but more emphasis was given to various ratios relating to capital and labor, it also used The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory? which stated that a country exports those commodities that intensively use the countrys relatively abundant factors and imports those goods using its scarce factors intensively. Results indicated that countries wish U.S. imported goods whose production required higher capital to labor ratio than the goods exported and when the endowment ratio of capital/labor developmentd the ratio of capital for each prole in import-competing production to capital for each worker in export production declined.Gopinath and Echeverria (2004) studied the association between foreign investment (FDI) and trade in mutualframework, that is, source or investing countrys exports and foreign investment toinvestment recipient country wereexaminedthrough gravity- shape methodology. Results suggested that physical distance had negative impact on trade-FDI ratio, this caused nations to switch from export to FDI based manufacturing. Resea rch also represent GDP per capita to affect trade-FDI ratio positively and institutional quality strongly encouraged FDI, additionally FDI was also encouraged by regional trading agreements.The empirical study conducted by Goldberg and Kolstad (1995) stated that exchange rate dissymmetry contributed to production internationalization without depressing economic natural process in the home country. Furthermore, exchange rate instability motivated the portion of investment activity situatedin foreign state. Research also suggested that exchange rate instability did not have statistically dissimilar personal effects on capital investment regions when distinguished between varieties of periods where real or financialvariations dictated exchange rate movement.Yin (1999) made an attempt to study the impact of tax inducements on the show of a localbusinesswith respect to price, productivity, revenue, and entrance/exit, by winning into consideration technology relocation through FDI . The study concluded that if thehost countrys government providedhigher tax relief to foreign companies, this will result in rise in total yield and decrease price index which will encourage more foreign businesses to move in the industry while certain present host businesses will need to departure. Research also suggested that government should be cautious in decreasing rate of taxes to attract FDI.Vita and Kyaw (2008) used empirically controllable structural VAR model for identifyingdetermining factors of investment flows and variance decomposition and impulse response analyses to examine the time-based dynamic effects of variations in both pull andpushmotivators on FDI and portfolio investments. Study suggested that variation in real variables representing economic activity for example domestic productivity and foreign output possess more violence in explaining variation in investment flows to developing nations. This research developed structural VAR model to test relative im portance of the determinants of disaggregated investment flows to developing countries. The study investigated the horizontal surface to which deviations in FDI and portfolio investmentswere caused by variety of pull andpush factors throughvariousperiod horizons.Studying the impact of FDI on variousfacets of local economies, containingglobal trade, employment, gross fixed capital formation, output, balance of payments(BoP) and overall welfareHejazi and Pauly (2003) found that FDI was encouraged by market access and factor price differences, and on the role of intra-firm trade. According to the research prediction of whether growth in outward FDI will increase or decrease domestic GFCF is not achievable. Therefore, comparisons of such growth relative to growth in innermost FDI can be a misleading indicator for policy makers. Since the impact of FDI on domestic GFCF depends on the underlying motivation for investment, and not simply on the growth in outward relative to in FDI, the results are of interest to all countries. The implication of results stated that quickprogress in outward foreign direct investment, proportional to inward progress, should not be taken as a negative growth, butmightbe source of success.Chen (1996) suggested that capacity of the market share to expand touch inward flow ofFDI but labor cost (WAGE) does not affect FDI. Similarly foreign investing companies had utilized the natural and energy resources of horse opera regiondespite of low allocative efficiency in this area.Interregionalrailwaynetworksweresignificant in location preference of foreign investors. Besides that, foreign investors were reluctant in locating near state-of-the-artlocal Chinese businesses in the eastern as well as middle provinces. These results were significant because the choice of FDI location appeared to have been motivated by the presence of good transportconnections, high-tech filtering and, to some level by the capacity of the market share to expand. The choice of FDI location did not appear to have been persuaded by taking into accountlabor cost variances.According to the neoclassical model of growth, growth rate of labor as well as technological developmentwere considered as exogenous and inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will lead to increase in the investment rate and which will ultimately lead to increase in the growth of per capita income but the growth effect will not last in the long run (Hsiao and Hsiao, 2006). Papanek (1973) indicatedstatistically significant negative effect of varioussorts of investment on domestic savings. Grounded on a sample of 85emerging countries, researchconcluded that foreign investment displaced national savings. Precisely, the research exhibited all types of foreign investment either in shape of aid or separate investment compressed the domestic savings. As a result the economy of the FDI recipient country went into state ofhigher dependency on foreign investment for development.The emp irical studies of Cushman (1985) based U.S. isobilateral FDI outflow and inflow data concluded that exchange rate variability had positive relation with set of flows.Connor (1983) conducted research which focused on inward as well as outward flow of FDI. The study divided country specific advantages into three categories FDI Probability, FDI Propensity and FDI Penetration and their impact on FDI.Larudeeand Koechlin (1999) research focused on the wages or labor costs and productivity in terms of production costs as the determinants of FDI. This research usedsweatshop labor argument that relied indirectly on assumption of simplistic trade model that assumed all of the national firms to have access to similar technology. But in contrary MNE and abundant theory acquire higher labor efficiency due to the firm related advantages MNE possess. Thediscrepancy between investing and recipient country in average manufacturing wage should therefore be an in capable determinant of FDI flows.CHAP TER 3PROPOSED METHODOLOGY3.1 Method of Data assemblyThe secondary data necessarily required to perform the research was garner from the official sites of The World till and The State Bank of Pakistan. Additionally, some of the required data was abstracted from the book statistical Supplement and Yearly hold back both being published under the supervision of State Bank of Pakistan.3.2 Sample SizeThe data used for the purpose of research consisted of 30 years annual data of the variables used in research. Data of all the variables belonged to period starting from fiscal year 1980 to fiscal year 2010.3.4 Research Model developedIn order to test the hypothesis of the research multiple regression model was developed. The model established is similar to the research model used by Kyrkilis and Pantelidis (2003).FDI= + 0GDP + 1GDPG 2Wage- 3I + 4ER + 5IE 6T 7IR + WhereFDI = Net amount of Foreign Direct Investment received by PakistanWage = Annual wages gainful to a worker (Labor cos t)I = Inflation,IR = Interest rate, ER = Exchange rate, IE = Infrastructure expenditure,T = Taxes, GDP = Gross domestic product,GDPG = GDP per capita growth rate.3.3 Statistical TechniqueIn order to test the hypothesis developed of the research the statistical technique of multiple regressionanalysis was applied. This technique was applied because both the dependent variable and autarkic variables were scale and under this situation the prediction power of regression analysis is stronger as compared with the other statistical techniques available.CHAPTER 4RESULTS4.1 Findings and variant of the resultsThe results drawn by applying Multiple Regression analysis were as follows disconcert 4.1 Model add upmaryModelRR Square correct R SquareStd.Errorof the EstimateDurbin-Watson1.998a.996.9956.65146E172.744The model summary table explains what amount of variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variables. The value of R-square is .996 which means that approximat ely 99.6 % of the variance of SQFDI is accounted for by the model and only .04 % of the variance remains unexplained. Independent variables were square of Infrastructure Expenditure (PSDP Fund), Interest Rate (IR), Inflation (I) and Exchange Rate (ER) and the dependent variablewas Square of Net Foreign Direct Investment (SQFDI).Table 4.2 ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression2.524E3946.310E381426.142.000a proportionality1.106E37254.424E35Total2.535E3929The analysis of variance table explains the model fit, sig. value of .000 suggests F-test to be significant, and therefore the model is statistically significant. When the sig. value in the Anova table is less than .05 the model fit is good and regression can be applied on the data.Table 4.3 CoefficientsModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig.Collinearity StatisticsBStd. ErrorBetaToleranceVIF1(Constant)-9.595E177.703E17-1.246.224Inflation-8.806E163.960E16-.037-2.224.035.6401.562Interest Rate2.047E1 76.261E16.0453.270.003.9201.086Exchange rate-5.646E169.021E15-.125-6.259.000.4402.273IE1.654E83349513.6191.09449.392.000.3562.809The co-efficients table shows the significance of individual independent variable in explaining the dependent variable. In the final model square of Infrastructure Expenditure (PSDP Fund), Interest Rate (IR), Inflation (I) and Exchange Rate (ER) were the statistically significant variables.The effect of Inflation (Standardized B= -.037, P =.035) is statistically significant havingnegative coefficientdemonstrating that largerthe value of inflation rate, the lower the Foreign Direct Investment. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in inflation will decrease FDI by .037units. Similarly, the effect of Interest Rate (Standardized B= .045, P =.003) is significant and its coefficient is positive indicating that the greater the value of interest rate, the higher the amount of FDI received. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in interest ra te will increase FDI by .045units. Next, the effect of Exchange Rate (Standardized B= -.125, P =.000) is statistically significant havingnegative coefficientdemonstrating that larger the value of exchange rate, the lower the amount of FDI. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in exchange rate will decrease FDI by .125units. Finally, the effect of Infrastructure Expenditure (Standardized B= 1.094, P =.000) is also statisticallysignificant having positive coefficient indicating that the greater the amount spent by government as infrastructure expenditure, the higher the amount of FDIreceived. The value of beta indicates that 1 unit increase in amount of infrastructure expenditure will lead to an increase of 1.094 units in FDI.Empirical Model DevelopedFDI = 1.094 InfrastructureExpenditure + .045 Interest Rate .125 Exchange Rate .037 Inflation4.2 Hypothesis Assessment SummaryHypothesisSig.E.CH1 GDP has positive impact on FDI.089.560 eliminateH2 Infrastructure expenditure ha s positive impact on FDI1.094.000AcceptH3 Taxes has negative impact on FDIRejectH4 Inflation has negative impact on FDI-.037.035AcceptH5GDP per capita growth has positive impact on FDI.001.962RejectH6 Exchange rate has positive impact on FDI-.125.000RejectH7 Interest rate has negative impact on FDI.045.003RejectCHAPTER 5DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH5.1 ConclusionForeign direct invest being the most important factor in the development of developing countries likewise Pakistan. From recent years there has been great fight going on among LDCs from all over the serviceman to attract higher amount of FDI to fuel their economic growth. This research was think to find out the impact of macroeconomic variables including GDP, GDP per capita growth rate, Interest rate, Inflation rate, Wage rate, Exchange rate, Tax rate and Infrastructure expenditure (PSDP fund) on the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan.The relationship between labor cost (Wage) and FD I could not be established because shy(predicate) data was available on the annual wage rate in the country. GDP, GDP per capita growth rate and Tax rate were statistically unnoticeable in contributing in the final model.The most significant variables in the model were Inflation rate and Exchange rate both had negative relation with FDI inflow having beta of -8.806 and-5.646 respectively.Interest rate and Infrastructure expenditure (PSDP fund) were positively related with FDI inflow having beta of 2.047 and 1.654 respectively.5.2 DiscussionAccordingto results derived from the research inflation had negative impact on FDI as found by (Kok and Erosy, 2003). Contradictory to the studies of Kok and Erosyet al. andAsiedu (2002) that found positive impact of GDP per capita growth rate on inward flow of FDI but in case of Pakistan GDP per capita growth rate proved insignificant.Results regarding the impact ofinfrastructure on FDI were similar to those established by Asiedu (2002)but the impact of tax rate was conflicting. The results regarding the impact of exchange rate on FDI were consonant with those found by (Cushman,1985).Terpstra and Yu (1988) and Weinstein (1977) found positiveimpact of GDP on FDI but correspond to the results of this study GDP was statistically insignificant in explaining variation in FDI.Finally, the results regarding the impact of interest rate on FDI were consistent with those found by (Fernandez-Arias, 1996).5.3 Implications and RecommendationsPakistan belongs to category of countries those currently face huge deficit of resources to finance its major growth projects and to manage the government operations smoothly.This research paper made attempt to explore those factors that in particular have direct impact on the inward FDI flow of the country.Results of the research show that exchange rate and inflation were negatively related with FDI and had statistically significant impact on the FDI received by the country. Therefore, the gove rnment of Pakistan should try to control the rate of inflation and fluctuations in the exchange rate and keep it at minimum possible level inorder to assist the increase in inflow flow of FDI.Similarly, infrastructure expenditure and interest rate were found to be positively related with inflow of FDI, keeping this in mind government should increase its outgo on the development of infrastructure within the country. Following these strategies the government would be able to attract higher amount of FDI.5.4 Future Research in general speaking determinants of foreign direct investment could consist of variety of factors other than some macroeconomic variables discussed in this particular research paper. The most habitual of those that previously have been studied were political factors including political stability, level of corruption, structure of the industry, market openness and variety of other factors impact the foreign direct investment received by any specific country. But p ublic lecture in the Asian scenario cheap labor has been one of the major determinants of the inward FDI flow but unfortunately data regarding labor cost (wage) could not be collected and the impact of labor cost on FDI in case of Pakistan remained unidentified. Therefore, great deal of research could be done in order to identify those variables that have an impact on FDI.

Pest Analysis of McDonalds in Malaysia

Pest Analysis of McDonalds in Malaysia lad stands for Political, Economic, Sociological, and Technological. gent analytic thinking is an effective tool to audit come withs environmental influences which tin be used for strategic decision- fashioning. The curse word psycho outline is a very utile tool to apprehend and analyze market growth, market position, future potentials and counselor-at-law for a particular business so A fella analysis can be termed as a business measurement tool. plague analysis summarizes the external environment in which the business is planning to die or already operating. However, an effective follow up and proper receipt plan is required to ensure optimum use of pesterer analysis (Luthans Doh, 2008). This traverse aims to discuss PEST analysis of McDonalds in Malaysia. The report is sh ard into five parts. First part is introduction where the basic theory and practise of PEST analysis is discussed. The next part is detail explanation of quadrup permit comp atomic number 53nts discoerly Political, Economic, Sociological, and Technological of PEST analysis. The third part of this report highlights PEST analysis for McDonalds in Malaysia. The final part of this report discusses conclusion and succinct analysis.2.0 Background of the Company2.1 IntroductionMcDonalds is a popular brand name in fast victuals sedulousness. McDonald has 34,000 restaurants in 119 countries serving roughly 69 million people any day. Worldwide well-nigh 80% of McDonalds restaurants argon franchised and generally owned and operated by indep repealent topical anaesthetic entrepreneurs (McDonalds, 2013). McDonalds annual report 2012 shows that areawide the company generated operating income of 8.5 billion in 2011 with 9.7% growth over 2010 (McDonalds Corporation, 2012). McDonalds Malaysia opened its first store in 1982 in Kuala Lumpur. harmonize to the emblem of 2009, McDonalds Malaysia manages 194 restaurants nationwide catering the tak e in of 10 million customers monthly. McDonalds Malaysia is growing importantly with 15-20 restaurants per annum. In order to manage day to day operations McDonalds Malaysia has around 8,000 topical anaesthetic employees who are working in divergent outlets and near just about 150 personnel are working in the headquarter (McDonalds Malaysia, 2009).2.2 Company reportRay Kroc the founder of McDonalds corporation started his business with Richard and Maurice McDonald by purchasing franchising justifiedly in 1950s to operate McDonalds restaurants in the USA. In 1961, he bought carry by dint of shares of the company from the McDonald brothers. In the last quarter of 1980, Golden Arches Restaurants Sdn. Berhad. (GARSB) received allowance to bring McDonalds in Malaysia. The first McDonalds opened on 29 April 1982 at Bukit Bintang, (McDonalds Malaysia, 2009).2.3 Products are ServicesMcDonalds offer wide variety of fast ingenious nourishment and beverages including burger, nugget, grumbler fries, French fries, set meals etc. Moreover the restaurant serves different type of coffee, carbonated beverages, ice creams and flavored drinks (McDonalds Malaysia, 2013). McDonalds continuously does enquiry and update its batting order to keep the market share. Cost leadership and price differentiation is McDonalds one of the key marketing strategies (McDonalds Corporation, 2008).3.0 Introduction to PEST analysisIt is mentioned earlier that PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological. This tool is used to evaluate the market for both new entrants and alert business units. This analysis tools are a framework for assessing a stain. It can be applied to evaluate a position or a strategy, company direction, new marketing proposition or even a new idea. Thorough analysis of the environment in which the firm functions empowers a company to take advantages of opportunities as well as minimize the threats. PEST framework often encourages proactive thinkin g and brainstorming rather than relying on instinct (Luthans Doh, 2008).3.1 PoliticalPolitical factors often refers organisation intervention, entry barriers, valuate or tariff structures which are designed to benefit Government or the citizen. The political environment has huge influence on the business. Political stability, regulations, disbursal power of consumers often dramatis personaes the profitability of a business (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). There are trusted factors which influence political situation of a country which includes ecologic or environmental issues, current legislation home market, future legislation, multinational legislation, regulatory bodies and processes, government policies, government term and change, trading policies, funding, grants and initiatives, home market lobbying/pressure groups, world(prenominal) pressure groups, wars and conflicts (businessballs.com, 2010).3.2 EconomicEconomic factors comprise some another(prenominal) factors e.g. stability, income status, income parity, purchasing powers, unemployment rates, exchange rate, interest rates etc. there is no doubt that these factors plays a vital subroutine in decision making for an constancy or a business (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). It is necessary to consider certain factors while analysis economic situation of a country, for example, home saving situation, home economy trends, overseas economies and trends, general taxation issues, taxation specific to product or receiptss, seasonality and weather issues, market and trade cycles, specific industry factors, market routes and distribution trends, customer or end-user drivers, interest and exchange rates, world(prenominal) trade and monetary issues (www.businessballs.com, 2010).3.3 Socio-CulturalSocio- cultural factors refer to the pattern and trend of contain which generally occur due to the nationality, religious or culture. As for food industry it is evident that local taste and preferences will decide the acceptance of particular food products. In order to survive and grow local likings and disliking should be followed. So a thorough understanding about local market is required to ensure successful business (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). The cultural and kind influences on a particular business vary country-wise. When a Socio-Cultural situation is analyzed lifestyle trends, demographics, consumer attitudes and opinions, media views, law changes affecting favorable factors, brand, company, technology image, consumer buying patterns, fashion and role models, major events and influences, buying access and trends, ethnic or religious factors, advertising and publicity, ethical issues should be considered (www.businessballs.com, 2010).3.4 technologyTechnological factors shape the production output and efficacy of the plant and operation. As for the food industry it is seen that employment of technology brought fruitful results in the food industry (Oxbridge Graduates, 2013). enginee ring is a critical success factor to achieve and sustain agonistical advantages. Moreover, this is a key driving force of globalization. An analyst considers competing technology development, research funding, associated or dependent technologies, replacement technology or solutions, due date of technology, manufacturing maturity and capacity, information and dialogues, consumer buying mechanisms or technology, technology legislation, innovation potential, technology access, licensing, patents, intellectual property issues, global communications while evaluating technological situation (www.businessballs.com, 2010).4.0 PEST analysis for McDonalds in Malaysia4.1 Political ComponentsMalaysia is a multicultural country with threesome major ethnic groups namely Malay, Chinese and Indian. Moreover, the country has few autochthonal groups who live mostly in East Malaysia. Evidently, these groups live in calmness without any major clashes (Rex, 1991). Moreover, this country is a popu lar tourist destination. According to Malayan Tourism Board in 2012 around 25.03 million international tourists visited Malaysia and on an average 64,000 tourists landed in Malaysia everyday which is 7.2% higher than the inbound tourist in 2011 (MTPB, 2013). The apparent political stability is one of the important attracting factors for foreign as well as local investors. Pro- business government mentality, stable political situation and a good legal corpse shows attractive prospects for investors. Moreover, in order to attract large investments, the government offered great portion of foreign equity ownership in businesses and enterprises under the promotional material of Investment Act (PIA), 1986. Market-oriented economy and an educated multilingual workforce do Malaysia as one of the popular destinations for investment (Tsen, 2005). So, McDonalds has tremendous opportunities in Malaysia and the company can capitalize this harmonious political situation for promote expans ion.4.2 sparing FactorsThe global financial crisis has touch the whole world at the end of 2007 resulting sharp decline in global trade and it also change magnitude the unemployment rate in many countries. The good thing is Malaysia was not affected severely by the recession like its neighboring country Singapore. single reason could be Malaysia learnt its lessons from the previous financial crisis which occurred in 1997. Moreover, McDonalds dealt the problem expeditiously by reducing product price and offering value meals. This is how McDonalds managed to assert sales figures and performed better compared to its competitors. Currently, Malaysian economy is growing at a pace of 4.5-5% per annum. The rate of Malaysian Ringgit against US Dollar was steady at average 2.95 (Zheng, 2009). The .4.3 Socio- Cultural FactorsAs it was mentioned earlier that Malaysia is a multi- religion and multicultural country. Islam is considered official religion in Malaysia and more than 50% of popu lation is accessory of Islam in Malaysia. So naturally the concept of Halal plays important role in Malaysian food industry (Muhammad, Isa, Kifli, 2009). To respect the religious plan of Muslims and to comply government rules McDonalds in Malaysia does not serve any pork barrel item. Moreover, McDonalds follow strict Halal compliances while buying the main ingredients e.g. chicken or meat from suppliers. Beef is one of the popular food items for many Malaysians especially Muslims, that is why data shows that in Malaysia the bestselling McDonalds product is Big mac (McDonalds Malaysia, 2009). Recent trend shows that the Millennial generation in Malaysia are fitting wellness concern.4.4 Technological factorsMalaysians are becoming more and more technology oriented. Social networking sites are playing vital role in every aspect of Malaysian peoples lives especially the younger generations are heavy users of meshing and other IT gadgets (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2010). McDonalds Malaysia has its own website and also it has strong Facebook and other online social networking presence. It disseminates corporate information as well as various promotions and events through these channels (McDonalds Malaysia, 2013). However, it certainly lacks in some aspects where the other competitors are counsel ahead. For example, McDonalds did not have internet ordering system until recently. Moreover, the delivery service in inadequate and often does not cover most of Kuala Lumpur let alone other cities (McDonalds Malaysia, 2013). In order to sustain in todays warlike business world McDonalds should design appropriate strategies to response changing need of the customers.5.0 ConclusionA PEST analysis is an excellent tool to understand the external affecting factors of business. It enables the company to capitalize the opportunities as well as minimize the potential threats. This report has outlined a PEST analysis for McDonalds Malaysia. However, it should be remembered that todays business world is very dynamic, demanding and ever changing so in order to ensure maximum success, the factors should be analyzed and updated on a regular basis (Luthans Doh, 2008).5.1 Summary of the PEST AnalysisThe compendious of PEST analysis McDonalds Malaysia is mentioned belowPolitical Despite of being a multi-cultural society, Malaysia enjoys a peaceful environment. Moreover the government is trying to encourage investments in various ways so McDonalds can use this opportunity for further expansion.Economic Though Malaysia was not badly affected by 2007 world recession but still McDonalds was prepared and had taken timely measures. The general economic improvement of Malaysian opens new opportunities for McDonalds.Socio- Cultural Factors McDonalds has managed to blend with Malaysian culture nicely and understood local preferences very well, as a result McDonalds is a household name in Malaysia. However, recent health consciousness among Malaysians poses a threa t for McDonalds. However, McDonalds can capitalize this change in consumer behavior by offering healthier foods e.g. organic foods, salads etc.Technology McDonalds understands the need of technology applications. It has strong presence in online social medias e.g. Facebook. The communication patterns and preferences are changing, McDonalds should respond to these changes by innovation.