Terminology And Description Of Human Movement English Language Essay

speech communication And Description Of Human Movement inc identify Language EssayIf you prevail ever g iodine to the doctors with an injured sum or muscle, you crumble not codswallop that doctors use a special nomenclature. When have in mindring to the patient, for exemplification, they baron report limited range of front or patient crowd outnot wrench forcefully or subject reports pain during abduction of the humerus. This scientific or medical exam type barrierinology has been developed over 100s of years to exclusivelyow very precise and concise description of private road of human carcass parts. When apply chastenly it allows adept to totally understand a walking radiation aim without actually being satisfactory to see it, provided more(prenominal) importantly, it allows for correct describing of human figurehead. This homogeneous terminology is as well employ in the line of business of exercise science and kinesiology to get the endeavours i n sports, games and injuries. In this chapter we will invade a accompanimented bearing at the language and terms used in human performance terminology.As we aforementioned, this specific terminology is to a fault used in the exercise science field and by dint ofout all healthc atomic number 18 professions. This specific terminology, also called nomenclature, may sound a exact technical, undefiledly it helps ensure that we kip down exactly what someone means and in that respect is little room for discrepancy. For example, one could say the soccer player was wavering her level. By this we could mean swinge front to seat or place to side whereas if we say inflection and extension of the femur we would realize this meant lightsome from front to back. There is a comprehensive list of private road terminology that elementaryally allows us to define every movement in our frame and we even have specific terms that ar used exactly with concomitant tree trunk parts. For example, our feet and reach have specific terminology such as plantar prosody and ulnar departure. We will locution at this terminology in detail to allow us to be able to fully describe the vast majority of basic human movements. b bely before we consider the details of specific movement terminology permit us look at some related drift terminology.Forms of exploitVirtually all human movements be a gang of movements spendring in diverse directions. In the next section we will see that these directions are actually referred to as aero mainsheets and there are threesome cardinal prostrates, namely, sagittal, frontal, and thwartwise. Our movements are in fact quite complex since we have fivefold actions lend to each movement. In separate discussions, we rarely perform an marooned movement with one limb that is confined to a particular skip. Our movements also pertain both genuine and gyrational movements which we refer to as analog and angulate exer tion. Thus our movements combine both linear and angular motion components. two linear and angular are pure forms of motion in their isolated state but to the highest degree of our movements are not isolated. and so, since our movements require multiple interchangeables and limbs to act together we also refer to a combination term as general movement.The basic definition for linear motion is motion along a straight line or a turn line with all carcass parts moving in the same direction at the same speed. If you think about this youll realize this would be quite difficult because when a human runs, their branchs and legs are swinging back and forth and the trunk simply moves previous. Therefore, we use some other terms to describe motion.Rectilinear motion a long a straight line. Imagine a skater gliding on the ice. All automobile trunk parts are moving at same speed through same range of motion.Curvilinear motion along a swerve line. Imagine the flight lane of a javelin a fter release.Angular motion involving revolution around a fixed point. This is actually the type of motion that most of our limbs go through as we move. The difference between angular and curvilinear is that with angular motion any(prenominal) point on the rotating carcass is perpetually the same distance from the axis of rotation of rotation.General this is a combination motion involving any two or more of the to a higher place types of motion. refreshen Questions Types of motion1. Provide a one-word definition and house two examples of the pursuance (try to use different example from those previously used, or that I gave you)a. effort along a straight lineb. Motion around a central/fixed pointc. A complex combination of linear and angular motiond. Motion along a varied path2. Fit the following into motion categoriesa. A skimming stone on the lake Curvilinearb. A javelin throw (be careful) Curvilinearc. Skater gliding on the ice Rectilineard. A car accelerating on the h igh office Rectilineare. A car decelerating on the highway Rectilinearf. A bed sheet victorious off Curvilinearg. A 10M platform dive Generalh. A soccer kick Angular3. In your own words provide a definition for each type of motion we discussed. bumonic TerminologyIn order to correctly describe a movement pattern and end up in a specific send, there ask to be an hold upon starting position for all basic movements. This concur upon starting position is referred to as the anatomical lineament Position.Anatomical Reference Position (AP)This AP is an erect (upright) stand up position with feet about get up breadth apart and the decorations of the hand liner forward. All body parts are facing forward in the AP position (Please see flesh 1.)If you scoop up this standing position you will notice it is not a natural, relaxed standing position as you must turn your palms superficials. You will notice that you palms of course want to turn inwards towards your thighs. If you stand in this position with your hands forward it is referred to as the fundamental standing position. It is essentially the same as the anatomical reference position except the palms face inwards. (See figure 2.) When our bodies are in the anatomical reference position, we consider our joints and body parts to be in the neutral or zero degrees position. Therefore, any movement from this AP constitutes a rotation around some joint. The movement forward from the AP is then sort or named appropriately. All of the motion that slip aways will befall in one (or a combination) of the carpenters monotonics of motion we describe earlier in the chapter, i.e., sagittal, frontal, or thwartwise. Therefore, we can learn body movements according to the plane of motion in which they make it. For example, any extension movement usually occurs in the sagittal plane, abduction or adduction movements occur in the frontal plane and rotational movements occur in the crosswise plane. There are n umerous types of movement. Lets take a look at these movements according to the plane in which they occur and then we can look at some movements with unique terms due to their particular standoff with a specific joint.Cardinal Reference piece of papersNow that we have an agreed starting position we need to look at dividing the body into sections or segments. Some of these segments, such as upper and lower body, will be reviewed later in the chapter. We divide the body into segments so that we can more accurately describe the direction of movements or actions. In the human body we refer to these as cardinal reference planes. These planes are all complex quantity lines. A plane is a two dimensional surface with orientation course defined by spatial coordinates. Each plane has a check axis around which movements in that plane take place. Having this arrangement allows us further clearness in describing movements.There are three planes in the body that correspond to the three dimen sions of space. The orientation is such that each plane is vertical to the other two. There is also a human relationship between the intersection of these planes and the center of gloominess of the body. Since each plane bisects the body, it therefore must pass through the center of gravity. Thus, the center of gravity is defined as that point where the three planes intersect each other. The line of gravity which is moderately different from the center of gravity is simply a vertical line that passes through the center of gravity.Insert figure of planes. Note All planes could be shown in same figure.A plane is simply a right away surface that divides the body into two parts. All planes are also complex quantity lines that divide the body.The sagittal plane is an imaginary line that divides the body vertically into right and left halves of concern mass. This plane is also some clocks referred to as the anteroposterior plane. The imaginary line runs from the front (anterior) to the back (posterior) and also from the top (superior) to the undersurface (inferior) of the body. (Please see figure 3.) If you can imagine cutting a beigel in half so you have two semi-circle halves, this would be a sagittal plane cut. indisputable movement types, such as flexion and extension movements, are examples of movements occurring in the sagittal plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later.Sagittal Plane MovementsExtension a shed light oning movement resulting in an increased joint angle. deck ups move apart. fold a bending movement that results in a decreased joint angle. Bones move closer together.Hyperextension a straightening movement where joint extends beyond starting or neutral position.Unique Sagittal Plane MovementsDorsi bend flexion movement of the ankle where the top of the foot moves toward the anterior tibia.plantar crimp extension movement of the ankle where the toes move away from the body (pointing your toes).The fronta l plane divides the body vertically into front and back halves of equal mass. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the lateral or wreath plane and runs side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts. (See figure 4.) If you can imagine slicing your bagel in half to swan in the toaster you would pose the cut along the frontal plane. Certain movement types, such as abduction and adduction movements, are examples of movements occurring in the frontal plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. causeal Plane MovementsPrimaryAbduction movement away from the bodyAdduction movement towards the bodyFor example performing a jumping back would require both of these movements specialiseLateral flexion of the trunk right/leftRadial/ulnar deviation ( wrist joint)Elevation/depression (scapula) upending/eversion (subtalar foot)The cross(prenominal) plane is the final plane and divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halve s of equal mass. It is sometimes referred to as the horizontal plane and runs from side to side and anterior to posterior. near actions that involve rotation of the whole body (or part of it) occur in the transverse plane. For example, throwing a discus or executing a tennis serve are examples of movements in the transverse plane. Other specific movements also exist. Certain movement types, such as supination and pronation movements, are additional examples of movements occurring in the transverse plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later.Transverse Plane MovementsPrimaryInternal ( median(a)) rotationExternal (lateral) rotationSpecializedRight/left rotation (head, neck and trunk)Supination/pronation ( build up and whole body) crosswise adduction/flexion (shoulder joint)Horizontal abduction/extension (shoulder joint)Note 1 All sagittal planes are perpendicular to all frontal planes which, in turn, are perpendicular to all transverse planes.Note 2 One can make many sagittal plane, or frontal plane or transverse plane dissections through the body, but only those that dissect the center of gravity or the mid-point are referred to as cardinal planes.Cardinal AxesAny time a joint moves it moves in a particular plane or combination of planes. At the same time the joint in forefront is also rotating around an axis. The axis refers to the type of movement of the joint and is outright related to the plane of movement. So, the cardinal axes refer to lines that are perpendicular to a particular cardinal plane. Therefore a movement that occurs in a particular plane always occurs in the same axis, so it is a good melodic theme to learn planes and axes in pairs.The transverse axis is always associated with the sagittal plane. Imagine an axis running perpendicular to the sagtittal plane. It sometimes helps to experience movements. For example, if someone were to perform a leg extension exercise, this movement would be in the sagittal plane. If you were to insert a bar through the genu and still allow the motion to occur it would have to be lay in the anteroposterior axis, in other words, inserted from the side. This would allow the perpendicular axis to be performed. (See figure ?.) Other terms used for this axis include lateral, medial, or somersault axis.Using the same logic we can now check into the positioning of the axis for the frontal and transverse planes.All frontal plane movements occur in the anteroposterior axis. (This is sometimes called the sagittal, or cartwheel axis.) Using our optic and a cartwheel, we can see the wheel rotates around an axis that would go through the tum somewhere from front to back. (See figure?)All transverse plane movements occur in the longitudinal axis (or vertical or twist axis). This axis runs from top to bottom or the length of the body segment. Again using the visual of a figure skater doing a pivot, the pirouette takes place in the transverse plane with a longitudinal ax is. Therefore the axis runs through the body from top to bottom. (See figure?)Try these workout problemsPlanes of Motion1. Identify three simple movements that occur predominantly in each of the following planesa sagittalb frontalc transverse2. Identify three different movement actions that occur in each axisa transverseb anterioposteriorc longitudinal3. form the names of the planes and axes in which the following motions occura. Stepping up a step? Sagittal, transverse axis.b. Side step with the right leg? front manal, s anteroposterior axis.c. Shaking your head no? Transverse, longitudinal axis.d. Straight sit-up? Sagittal, transverse axis.e. Side bending of the trunk? Frontal, anteroposterior axis.f. Cartwheel? Frontal, anteroposterior axis.g. Throwing a discus? Transverse, longitudinal axis.h. Throwing a dart? Sagittal, transverse axis.The Plane-Axis RelationshipSo remember, if we learn our planes and axis in pairs we will easily remember thatAll sagittal plane moveme nts occur in the transverse axisAll frontal plane movements occur in the anteroposterior axisAll transverse plane movements occur in the longitudinal axisThis consistent relationship between planes and axis allows you to remember planes and axis more easily. If you can identify either the plane or the axis for a particular movement then you will automatically have figured out the other (provided you remember the pairing). For example, if one evaluates the movement plane and axis of the bicep crape you might easily set apart that the movement plane is sagittal. If you identify this correctly then the axis of rotation is automatically the transverse axis.Movement Plane automatic Axis of rotationSagittal TransverseFrontal AnteroposteriorTransverse LongitudinalAn additional way to help identify planes and axis is to remember that certain anatomical movements are usually associated with a corresponding plane and axis. For example, flexion and extension movements occur in the sagittal plane around the transverse axis. Abduction and adduction occur in the frontal plane around the anteroposterior axis and finally, rotational movements like pronation and supination occur in the transverse plan around the longitudinal axis. We will look more specifically at these movement actions in the next section.Basic Movement Pattern TerminologyIn each of the three planes some(prenominal)(prenominal) distinct movement patterns occur. However, what is lacking in these descriptive terms is any reference to direction. In other words, if someone performs spike flexion, we dont really know the direction. For that reason we have numerous other terms that we refer to as anatomical directional terminology that provide us with more precise information about the orientation of a particular movement. These terms have clear cut word root declinations. If you can learn these word root meanings, you will be able to piece together the meanings for most of these terms. There are some uniqu e terms like dorsoventral (relating specifically to the belly or abdomen) which youll just have to learn. The list infra contains the relevant terms you you learn.Anatomical Directional Terminology I set up you fill in the meaning of each term?Anterior FrontAnteroinferior Front belowAnterolateral Front sideAnteromedial Front middleAnteroposterior / Anterosuperior Front rear/ front topContralateral Opposite sidedistal Away from originDorsal BackInferior (infra) Belowipsilateral Same sideLateral sideMedial Midline potty bunsPosteroinferior / Posterolateral Behind below/ behind besidePosteromedial / Posterosuperior Behind inside/ behind upperProne Face downProximal Near originSuperior AboveSupine Face upVentral Relating to the belly or abdomen (can also be use mean deep).Anatomical Directional Terminology IIBelow are some other terms that fall into a general category.Protraction forward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine.Retraction backward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine.Horizontal abduction movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane away from the midline.Horizontal adduction movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane towards the midlineOpposition of the thumb diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface.Upward rotation Superior movement of the shoulders.Lateral flexion athwart bending.Hyperextension Extension beyond normal resting position.Cervical rotation turning your head left or right.Plane specific movementsSagittal plane movementsDorsiflexion saving the top of your foot towards your lower leg.Plantarflexion extending or planting your foot (pointing your toes away from you).Frontal plane movementsElevation moving your shoulder girdle (blades) upwards/superior.Depression moving your girdles downwards/inferior.Eversion rotating the sole of your foot outwards.Inversion rotating the sole of your foot inwards.Radial deviation rotating your hand at the wrist towards your thumb (like hitchhiking). Transverse plane movementsSupination outward rotation of the fore weapon so palm faces outwards or upwards.Pronation opposite of supination where forearm rotates so palm faces downward or inwards.Ulnar deviation rotating your hand towards your ulna (opposite of radiate deviation).Whole body Movement TerminologyIn this category we can consider other terms that apply more generally.Circumduction circular movement of a body segment. Circumduction involves flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.Reduction a return to the normal resting position. check over Problems Directional terminology1. What is the term when one stands erect with palms facing outward? Anatomical reference positionFrom this position what do you call the movement when you-2. work your elbow from a fully straight to a 90o hang position? Elbow flexion3. champion the 90o elbow curing position, but turn your palm down? Pronation4. Maintain the 90o elbow solidifying position, but turn your palm up? Supination5. Ma intain the 90o elbow change shape position, conceal your elbow touching your side, turn your arm out so your fingers are pointing directly away from your side? External/ lateral (outward) rotation6. Maintain the 90o elbow solidification position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward? Internal/ medial (inward) rotation7. Straighten your elbow? Extension8. Move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor? Abduction9. Move your arm back down to your side? Adduction10. Turn your head to the right?11. Bend forward at the waist?12. Return to starting position?Review questions SynonymsGive the synonyms that are used for ankle, spine, and wrist movements in the following list. Also describe using the rule of three and identify the primary cardinal axisAnkle1. Dorsiflexion? Foot flexion2. Plantarflexion? Foot extensionSpine3. Flexion? Bending forward4. Extension? Standing up5. Lateral fle xion?Bending to sideWrist6. Radial deviation? Lateral deviation7. Ulnar deviation? Medial deviation8. Can you think of any other anatomical movement synonyms?The Rule of Three Motion Bone JointThe rule of three is a simple anatomical guidepost for describing a movement pattern. It allows us to describe a movement in a specific order sequence to allow accurate movement. In the rule of three we refer to the movement type first, for example, flexion or extension. Secondly, we refer to the bone that moves. Thirdly, we refer to the joint around which the action occurs. Hence, we refer to the movement in this sequenced order, i.e., movement bone joint. Using this approach really helps with the clarification of particular movement. Look at this example. If you asked your friend to extend their leg they could actually do a couple of things and still extend their leg. They could thread their entire leg straight out in front.Push their entire leg straight back.Sit on a chair and straight en out the lower leg.So you see there are several options and it can become confusing. If we use the rule of three we can give very specific instructions. For this movement sequence we would actualy say, Extend your (right) leg at the knee, which would require they perform a knee extension action described in 3 higher up. This way there is no lack of clarity around which movement is needed.You try the followingLets use the data from above again. Describe the following movements using the rule of three. The first one is through for you. Start in the AP position. It might be a good idea to briefly define the rule of three here first.From this position how do you describe the movement when you-1. Bend your elbow from a fully straight to a 90o bent position? The correct answer is flexion of the forearm at the elbow not flexion of the elbow.2. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm down?3. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm up?4. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm out so that your fingers are pointing directly away from your side?5. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward?6. Straighten your elbow?7. Move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor?8. Move your arm back down to your side?9. Turn your head to the right?10. Bend forward at the waist?11. Return to starting position? refinementIn this chapter we have reviewed planes of motions, axis of rotations, the rule of three and some basic anatomical reference terminology. We have also learned that when describing movements we assume a universal starting position that is referred to as the anatomical reference position where one stands erect with hand by ones a side and palms facing inwards. Humans move in one, or a combination of three planes of movement and they are the sagittal, f rontal, or transverse planes. Each movement in these planes is associated with the same axis of rotation, either transverse, anteroposterior, or longitudinal. There is a plane-axis relationship whereby each plane of motion is always associated with the same axis of rotation and this allows us to remember the planes and axis more easily. When we describe human movement we also use what is called the rule of three. In the rule of three we describe movement using the sequence of bone, movement, and joint. Using this approach a bicep curl would be flexion of the forearm and the elbow. Using this basic language and the above guidelines we can ore accurately describe human movements.You will notice that there is often more than one term to describe a particular movement. Over the years different terminology has evolved and it is wise to learn the different terms that imply the same thing. For example, external rotation is the same as lateral rotation. In this text we provide you with the most accurate terms first but we will provide the alternative terminology where appropriate.