Medical Technology in Today’s Society Essay

medical checkup engineering science in todays auberge is oftentimes seen as a cut throughment or heal for pitying health get it ons. The term medical technology refers to the diagnostic or healing(predicate) application of science to improve the management of health. Unfortunately, the damaging impacts of this technology ar often left unexposed to the public until too late. Medicine, such as drugs, is often perceived to be of benefit to humans as it is spendd to cure various diseases. On the other hand, medicine hobo as well be highly damaging. Using medicine incorrectly consuming it in slim dosages, in excess, or using it abusively undersurface be noxious to spates health.Modern medical technology washbasin also be damaging for human well-being but this effect is not restricted to health. end-to-end time hoi polloi have become increasingly reliant on young medicine. This is especi wholey so in todays modern society. medical checkup intervention by use of tech nology has been fitted to c are prolong many an(prenominal) lives. An example of this is those who suffer from asthma. These sufferers may use channel purifiers and/or nebulizers along with graded medication to serve them live to a greater extent comfortable and longer lives. It foundation be deemed a miracle that we are able to help so many people overcome their illnesses with medical technology.The real technologies available are able to do incredible things but people must be constantly aware of other modern technologies that drive out interfere and coiffure the longanimous at venture. An example of this is the footprint producer which has the mogul to save a persons life and ultimately take place it. However, external factors domiciliate interfere with medical technology and ultimately put the patient at pretend. For example, radiation from everyday items such as microwaves to tuner devices such as mobile phones can affect the operation of the pace maker.Thus m edical technology has a negative impact on the user of this device as it places environmental limitations on where he or she can go. Users of such a device therefore need to be continuously wary of their environment. In addition, the implementation of a pace maker pr hithertots users from undertaking MRI scans as the process interferes with the function of the device. This is a salad days example of medicine acting against itself, All medical technology need to be treated and use with caution. Respirators need to be constant monitored and the analogous applies for the simplest drips.Hospitals nowadays are equipped with technology that requires the operating knowledge of hospital staff and medical professionals. The medical technology that is utilize in hospitals ineluctably to be carefully monitored. Misuse could lead to an accident that has the possibility to driveway a long term negative effect for the patient. It is due to the to a higher place reason that today, proficie nt clinical settings require the consistent expertise of all medical staff in relation to the operation of medical technology.Medical technology was invented for our health and well being. However there is always the risk of unforeseen consequences. An example of this is LASIK (Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis) substance surgery, an operation where a patient has his or her vision corrected. Eyesight clinics advertised that the operation would improve a persons vision and give freedom to those who did not the likes of wearing glasses or contacts all the time. Before user a laser to correct the vision the operation required the practitioner to recognize sluttish the patients corner.During the trial stages of the operation, this procedure led to several(prenominal) unsuccessful results where the patients suffered from extremely dry eyes, milky vision and poorer eyesight than foregoing to the operation. Other disastrous results included foggy visions, starbursts around lights a nd double vision. These aft(prenominal) effects negatively impacted the lives of the patients greatly as they now had worsened vision than prior to the operation. However, it is thanks to researchers that the medical technology in this subject area has advanced to a level where the risks are now minimal.These professionals are before long working on a new method of corrective eye surgery where it will not be necessary to cut extend the cornea before lasik surgery is used. There will be even slight of a chance that things will go wrong if the answer to this job is found. The Gamma Ray, used to eliminate pubic louseous cells around the brain without the use of open surgery, is another example where medical technology could have negative effects. Its intention was to cure people with cancerous cells in places of high risk or in places that could not be safely accessed by open surgery.The risk lies in the calculation of the amount of radiation that is directed at the cancer. If t here is a miscalculation the laser may destroy the cancer and other cells around it, leading to brain damage. From these two examples one can see that there is a limit to how medical technology can be used. Drugs created by medical technology are intended to help humans recover from their illness or improve their condition, however they are harmful if interpreted in small dosages, in excess or if used in the wrong way. For example if more that 400mg of vitamin E if is taken a day it will act as a rake thinner.Large doses of vitamin A drivings heart problems. An overdose of cold and fly medications can lead to liver failure. Medicine, such as antibiotics are often perceived to be of benefit to humans as it is commonly used to treat bacterial infectious diseases. On the other hand, antibiotics can have ill-natured consequences if taken in dosages that do not completely eradicate the pathogen, thereby contributing to resistance. Antibiotics can also be used abusively when physicians prescribe the drug unnecessarily or if patients become complacent and do not adhere to the necessary antibiotic therapy.From these examples it is easy to see that medicines can cause adverse effects if taken in excess, small dosages or if used in the wrong way. Lack of funding for medical technology can cause negative effects on the genetic fitness of populations. It can bring about misleading information to the creation of a cure. As new diseases are constantly emerging, doctors, scientists and researchers need to know as more information about the sickness before they can square off a cure.They need to know specific information such as the spirit of the offending pathogen, if the disease is a virus, the exact signs and symptoms and the genetic make up before they can start research on the cure. However, leave out of notes means that research projects may be delayed or even stopped before a cure is found. Researchers need the money so that they will have access to proper equi pment and resources. Without it, they may not be able to conclude a research project that has the potential to find information that will lead to a cure. A major issue in medical technology is regulation.Ethical considerations need to be appreciate and evaluated before research can continue. Also the lack of funding also means that cures cannot be tested exhaustively. All cures, whether they are over the antagonistic drugs or prescription medications to medical technology (electronic thermometers), need to be thoroughly tested before they can be passed onto the market or used safely by professionals. In addition, the testing regimes may incur societal backlash due to experimentation on animals. As a result, lack of funds can prevent cures from being formed and this negatively impacts the public.Medical technology is very important for those with diseases and those who are ill or injured. For people with asthma a breathing machine may be inseparable for life, without it breathing may become difficult and even dangerous. Medical technology can add years to our lives and can make life better. It enables us to live past the normal expectancy of life. Technology has so many benefits. Without it we would not be able to travel, contact others around the world, entertain, or uprise as well as we do. Medical technology is perhaps the more or less important technology of all.

Holocaust: Nazi Propaganda, Anti-Semitism, Auschwitz, Survivors, and Rescue in Denmark

Nazi Propaganda and Censorship While Hitler was coming to power, the Nazis orchestrated a considerable propaganda campaign to win the loyalty and cooperation of Germans. All media whose viewpoints threatened Nazi beliefs were any censored or eliminated exclusively. In May of 1933, more than 25,000 books written by both Jewish and non-Jewish authors including Helen Keller were burned. On December 5th in 1930, Joseph Goebbels break off the premiere of All Quiet on the Western Front with pinhead and sneezing bombs beca social function its views were considered un-German. Even schoolbooks were censored from classrooms. The Nazis controlled the media so they could blend Nazi racism and ideas into it. On March 13th, 1933, Goebbels was appointed head of the Reich Propaganda Ministry. As the head, he condemned works written by Jews, liberals, leftists, pacifists, foreigners, and many others. New textbooks were regularize into classrooms praising Hitler and anti-Semitism. Hence, people were taught blind obedience to the Nazi party. Anti-Semitism Jewish people have been faced with prejudices and discriminations throughout istory. They were isolated in Christian societies, which, if you can remember, were almost everywhere. The Church taught that the Jews were responsible for Jesuss death, and that they to a fault caused the Black Death, which was the plague that killed thousands of people. The ignorance of people never ceases to surprise me. Because of these accusations, Jews couldnt run certain jobs or own land. It mustve been hard non universe able to express yourself the way everyone else did. Jews either had to convert to Christianity, leave the country, or be persecuted.Influential people mis groomnly defined them as a race, which ultimately meant that even if they did convert to Christianity, they were still Jews by blood. The government either organized or didnt prevent violent attacks on Jews, which composite murder and then looting. Why was so much h ate communicate towards the Jews? Auschwitz When educated people hear Auschwitz, a pretty picture does not come to mind. Auschwitz was the largest concentration camp established by the Germans in the 1940s. It was altogether a concentration, extermination, and forced-labor camp.In just five years, over one one thousand thousand innocent people lost their lives. If they could work or were some use to the Germans, their lives were spared. If they couldnt work, this includes the sick, the elderly, children, et cetera, they were sent to gas put up. Auschwitzs four LARGEST gas chambers could hold and kill 2,000 people at once. by and bywards, their bodies were burned. As mentioned earlier, the workers were left alive, hardly had live in unbearable conditions. They were not insulated from the heat or crisp they wore the same clothes 24 hours a day, seven days a week.They were malnourished and were often fed rotten, molded food. Dr. Josef Mengele performed cruel experiments on twins, dwarves, as well as the sick, and then killed them if they didnt die during the experiments. It really is no surprise that most prisoners survived only a few weeks to months in Auschwitz. Survivors move to life before the Holocaust was impossible for victims. Not only was it impossible, only it was also dangerous. People would think that after all the Jews had been through, that theyd pick out to take it easy on them.But still, there were anti-Jewish riots and pogroms when survivors returned. Rumors spread close to Jewish people killing Polish children and using their blood for rituals. overdue to these rumors, even more riots broke out, one in particular where 41 people were murdered, and 50 more were wounded. Even if the people had been peaceful to the survivors, they wouldnt have had a place to live. Many came home to find that their homes had been plundered and/or taken over. With nowhere to live, the Jewish people were put into Displaced Persons camps. After being ejecte d by many countries, the United Nations finally voted to divide promised land into a Jewish and Arab state. Even the United States changed their immigration policy to free more Jews to enter. I guess the survivors had found hope after all. deliverance in Denmark Not everyone actively supported and collaborated with the Nazi Germans. Yet again, nor did they take a stand on what was happening and help the Jewish and minority groups. Millions of people nationwide stood by as the Holocaust occurred. People told themselves that it was no(prenominal) of their business. Many others were just frightened.Helping Jews was punishable by death, after all. lone(prenominal) one country stood up for their Jewish people, and that was Denmark. They had help from many after-school(prenominal) forces to help smuggle almost 8000 Jews, almost the entire Jewish universe in Denmark, out before the Nazis could come. Even with all the combined efforts though, about 500 Jews were still deported to a c oncentration camp. Still, all but 51 survived due to the Danish government pestering the Nazis about the welfare of their people. A French clergyman smuggled about 12,000 Jewish children into Switzerland and Spain.

Euphoria Case Study Essay

Human spiritedness as we know has been turn out crack with a scientific discovery created through the efforts of Pseudoscience Research Inc. (PRI), a conglomerate pharmaceutical corporation responsible for opposite life story-time-changing advances in neo biological science and technology today. This new discovery is guaranteed to improve the step of life for most populate and would eventually establish a harmonized society human beings aspire for since time immemorial. In a teeming ceremony held at the offices of PRI, the miracle medicate was unveiled to wide public acclaim. It was set forth as unitary of the most innovative and promising invention of the twenty-second century. The music euphory is generally regarded as the most effective and popular drug since viagra hit the stores. euphory comes from the Greek word euphoros kernel healthy. As what its name espo habituates, euphory aims to improve the survives of the bulk of people who live life in constant depr ession, poverty, and hunger by inducing pictorial felicity and weightlessness. Indeed, euphory changes everything. As a response to the growing engage in society, PRI started to conduct research on a drug that may well be the biological ubermensch of the masses in instal to rid of constant financial, social, and soulal problems that the individual has to experience on a daily basis. On July 14, 1971, PRI jumpstarted the research on a new euphony that will biologically eliminate problems and hardships of an individual by developing a pill concentrated with endorphins and other happiness-inducing chemicals that will harmlessly alter the catching code of the person as well as increase the shape endorphin matter of the normal human body.Thus, Euphoria was born. Since the drugs invention, it has been time-tested on human subjects to adhere to the pre-existing laws on animal offbeat in lieu with testing. During the early 90s, PRI was threatened with bankruptcy as the company was openly criticized for making an amoral and immoral drug simultaneously. Mostly pro-life groups rejected the idea of the drug, as it did non value human life while intellectuals criticized it as something that is atrocious since it pick ups out choice of a person to be miserable. But it was a famous Hollywood actress who supported the drug and brought PRI into the A-list of corporations in the world today.The three-time Oscar winner actress argued publicly that the drug has helped her made her line of achievement and improved her way of life ever since. Consequently, PRI cut-rate sales on Euphoria went up by 50% in just a family and presently the company made a name for itself as one of the leading brands in healthc are in 2004. Today, Euphoria has replaced painkillers, anti-depressants, and other unimportant antibiotics since it completely prevents the user from getting sick. It has been proven effective with absolutely no side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, stomac h pains, chest pains, headaches, fever, and death.Since its invention, the drug has been widely-used by the public and from substantial surveys conducted by PRI itself, it has been revealed that almost 95.457% of the population take the drug as an answer to the problems since there are no other drugs that will enable them to be happy and succeederful. In addition, that percentage also proves the drugs popularity and effectiveness, as it won numerous awards including the Discovery of the division recognition from Time Magazine. In 2008, the drug established the name of PRI, becoming the worlds foremost conglomerate in medicinal development. meek Beginnings The credit with the creation of the phenomenal drug goes to Dr. William falsetto, a Harvard medicine graduate, who got the sharp inspiration of creating Euphoria during a friendly banter over a couple of beers when his colleague suggested him to create a drug that has a native high without the side effects rival to that of v iagra and morphine. Because of his desktop as a distinguished alumnus of one of the top universities in the world, his credibility follows with his invention and therefore the drugs eventual success. 1 He establish his assumptions from an empirical laboratory experiment wherein he carefully tested the subdue of endorphins that the human body produces at a normal rate. After determine such, he further experimented on the subject with three meaty theories. get-go is to determine the amount of endorphins that a normal body produces when exercising. In a head published in the PRI research journal from 1991, Falsetto think that the body gives off 86% more endorphins that stimulate happiness and elation.2However, he debunked his theory stating that exercising is not an activity done by majority of the masses and would therefore cause a low selling and merchandising rate. The second theory was to determine the amount of endorphins when eating large amounts of chocolate. The result w as also promising exactly Falsetto soon discovered that chocolate- generate happiness is followed by undesirable side-effects such as diabetes and fluctuating sugar levels of the body. The conclusion theory proved to be the most effective as Falsetto discovered that endorphins could be extracted as a solid powder form and could be placed in regular tablets sold.The formula is of course under(a) strict protection of the PRI, NSA, CIA, FBI, EUROPOL and the United Nations, but Falsetto disclosed in a press interview when the drug reached its 10th year of success that it contains naturally-produced endorphins that add to the natural threshold of the human body and it increases happiness that in turn causes motivation, energy, and a positivist attitude. He boldly added that the drug slew replace viagra since it also increases the sexual drive of the human body. Because of his background as a Harvard graduate, the credibility of the drug was never compromised when it went on sale sinc e 1995.3 In relation with the drugs almost monumental failure, the Hollywood actress who still refuses to reveal her identity said that it almost saved her life and career. Since then, PRI inaugurated the celebrated actress as one of the chairpersons of the company and eventually her ascension as the CEO of the company. Her statement reached almost the entirety of Hollywoods royal family and soon, millions of people were convinced of Euphoria. Heads of State and royal families soon followed suit, stating the drugs effectivity and rationality over decision-making, political relationships, and terrorist negotiations. The drug also replaced the calumnious and illegal drugs such as cocaine and marijuana since Euphoria induced a natural high without the hallucinogens found in the illegal drugs. In 2001, 92% of the world population agreed on the use of Euphoria and consequently stamped out the drugs immoral and unethical issues regarding its use and nature. The test subjects widely acce pted the drug4 since the drug contains natural endorphins, and it follows that it marginally increases elation and happiness feeling for the person. Since happiness and elation are important for ain motivation, the drug then helps in changing the mood of the person as well as affecting change with regards to eating habits and behavior.Also, work intersection has also been increased since employees are now very happy with their work. Euphoria also replaces viagra as a safe alternative since the drug is naturally produced. With health issues, endorphins also increase the white blood count of the body and therefore prevent the body from acquiring diseases.5 Majority of the people agree on the drug since it is right for the body and life as well as the right thing to do. Its moral issues were disproved since there are no deaths or accidents that are linked to the drug.6 In 1992, there was a worldwide appeal to governments that the standard of living for most of the countries is declin ing because of unemployment and poverty. However, as soon as Euphoria was introduced to the world, galore(postnominal) agree that the drug has saved many lives. It is noteworthy to mention that in one of the political debates in the UN collision of 2007, the assembly concluded that the quality of life is steadily declining and if the case is not addressed, more human lives are at stake. Either the drug should be globally legalized or the world would continue to degrade in price of living standards and health issues. Naturally, the drug was finally given worldwide flattery during September of that year, and since then, it has been proven effective.7However, several pharmaceutical companies rejected the claim of Euphoria to be a universal solution for biological problems. The case went to court, but it was easily dismissed by the ruling that there were no substantive claims to prove that the drug was indeed ineffective. Consequently, it also proved to be the go point for major an d minor drug companies as PRI bought the companies and formed into a multi-national biological research company.8 Furthermore, since there are contentions with regards the effects of the medicine, it has concluded that the medicines claims are true. Mr. Falsetto received the Nobel Peace prize for euphony and named one of the 22nd centurys greatest thinkers.9 Because of Euphorias discovery and monumental success, it has been regarded as the drug that saved the world from affliction and caused much development in the quality of living for the whole world. at that place are no more wars, political maneuvering, strife, poverty, and colds. The global quality of life has improved, notable through the many recent milestones in human report such as excessive singing, the development of the cure against AIDS and HIV, and a harmonious societal structure where there is no class clamber and alienation since everybody is equally happy. Thanks to Dr. Willam Falsetoo, the world is now a bette r place.101 Ad Hominem (Argument to the Man)2 Error of Fact3 Weak Analogy4 Ad Populum (Appeal to the Masses)5 precipitate Generalization6 Equivocation7 False Dichotomy8 Appeal to Ignorance9 Burden of verification10 Post Hoc (False Cause)

Is Mayella a Victim or Criminal Essay

The norms of cabaret ar infectiously pervasive. Sometimes its these norms, which dont let the society appreciate the potential it has causing the innocent dupes of society to turn into criminals. It is not just the society which plays a role in creating criminals in event family and home life is quite influential as well. We notice this when Mayella a nineteen-year-old commits the unspeakable crime of accusing a black man of a rape- who is completely innocent. Even though this event may portray Mayella as a criminal and a racist macrocosm, scarcely Mayella herself is a victim of societys prejudice thinking, her family, and, loneliness.In the city of Maycomb the Ewells have everlastingly been looked down on and considered white trash. The Ewells are neither accepted by white multitude due to their social standing nor black people who disassociate themselves with the Ewells because they are white. Mayella, being different from the other Ewells, wants to experience the manhood awayside of the filth she lives in Against the fence, in a line, were six chipped-enamel slosh jars holding brilliant red geraniums. The germaniums suggest that Mayella desires to be better than her surroundings, to draw a bead on to higher things. Another reason as to why she immediately seizes her happen to finally access the privileges of white womanhood after years of victuals among pigs. She is person who does not want her identity to be associated with the Ewells. but, at the determination of the day society does not see Mayella for who she is but instead a Ewell. Societys norm leaves Mayella completely lonely and isolated, so her hook to turkey cock Robinson is a consequence of this seclusion.Due to her mothers absence, Mayella being the oldest of the eight children is forced to look after the juvenilityer Ewell children, since Bob is out drinking up his relief check. Her relationship with her bring is incestuous and abusive, but she doesnt have anywhere to go or anyone to help her. However when she is approached, pitied, and helped by Tom Robinson, she craves him. But what she currently feels is happiness of being with someone in hope of receiving the love she has been deprived of. Her decision to falsely blame Tom Robinson of rape is certainly a horrendousact, but she no doubt was forced to do so by her father, Bob, to cover the point that he beat her himself. The only reason she begins to employ the same low, underhanded tactics of persuasion as her father is for her own safety.Loneliness is the primary(prenominal) reason why Mayella throws herself on Tom Robinson. Being a young teen girl she has been through many hardships raising her siblings, enduring her fathers beatings, and having her mother snatched from her at a very young age. bid any girl at this age she dreams that her perfect man go out come and take her away from this filth she is living in and concede her all the love she has been deprived of however, she doesnt unde rstand that this is her misconception and in real life nothing like this will happen.But without the right management and love she will be keep hurting herself by putt herself through all this exploitation. She seeks this love because she gets from nowhere else, as her mother has passed away, her dada is an alcoholic, and she has no friends. She may be a criminal for accusing Tom Robinson for something he hasnt done but she herself is also a victim of the society, her family, and loneliness. But its these experiences that urged her to become a criminal. She was also a flouter who got exposed to the cruelty of the world causing her to kill another mockingbird.

Emotional Intelligence Quotient

The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EIQ) may seem contrary to some. However, its lack of popularity does not mean that it is signifi do-nothingt. Emotional Intelligence provides individuals with an insight into their personality. It helps tidy sum to identify the areas of their behavior that they may need to better(p). Just like the IQ, the EIQ serves as a valuable measure by which people can key about their weaknesses and strengths. at that place are various free EQ surveys open online. One of the websites that provide a free EIQ analyze is Discovery Health. The test I took was composed of a series of questions that required me to rate myself establish on how much I feel the given statement applies to me. turn I was taking the test, I remembered the multitude of personality tests that were administered in risque school. The statements I was answering were very similar in nature to those I used to answer in school.As I responded to each question, I tried to look back on si tuations where the given statements applied. For each statement, I tried to remember the number of instances where I did as the statement said. At the end of the test, I found out that I scored average. Quite frankly, I was relieved to find out that I was the same as nigh people. However, the results also enlightened me to the fact that there is room for improvement in my life. There is so much that I can do to study myself a better person most especially in the guidance I relate to people and on how I maximize my talents and abilities. As the websites explanation said, You are not taking full good of your potential. Basically, my results declare oneself that I should constantly seek for improvement in how I neck with others and in how I utilize my skills.As earlier mentioned, my results suggest that there is still room for improvement. I can still assortment and become a better person. There is still a bump for me to increase my EIQ. The website suggested that one way by wh ich I can improve my score is by learning new skills and honing the skills that I have already acquired. Also, it was suggested that I learn new ways by which I deal with people. Indeed, these are the two primary ways by which I can develop myself.New skills entrust be greatly beneficial for it will make me more competent and capable of handling a wider ordain of tasks. However, learning new skills is not enough. In order to become a better person, I should be able to develop the ability to fully utilize much(prenominal) skills and to discern which ones will be needed for true situations. Better decision making is key in enhancing ones EIQ.In terms of improving the way I deal with people, I know that I must develop better communication skills. Relationships with others assert heavily on communication. Logically, better communication will mean better relationships. As such, it is evident that improving my communication skills is a key cistron in the development of my personali ty and in the enhancement of my emotional intelligence.Tests such as the one I took should not be taken as a complete assessment of an individual. It must be considered merely as a possible indication of how a person behaves. Having said such, I believe that every person has always room to grow and develop. There is always something new to learn or something to improve. Learning and developing has no end. They are constant processes that are a part of life.

Wizard of Oz Political Allegory

Theres no place like home, on that points no place like home, theres no place like home, repeated Dorothy. A young young lady trying to go back home to Kansas after a cyclone lands her and her dog, Toto, in the debark of Oz. There Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, the TinMan, and the Cowardly Lion who are all in need of something that is considered important to them a brain, a heart, and courage. Along the way, they have to turn to Emerald City to see the Wizard of Oz, directed by the Good temptress of the North, especially for Dorothy to get back home.However, Dorothy and the gang run into problems with the peccable slime eels of the West, who wants Dorothys ruby slippers (which was originally the tight witch of the East tog). In America, in the late 1890s, the democrat consummation was in full throttle. Populism is brass of, for, and by the pack. The Populist Party was a governmental party, which was a collection of various social groups against monopolies and the rich. In these social groups, included pitiable white farmers from the South wheat farmers in the Mid-Western states such as Kansas, neon Afri give the gate- Americans and Federal factory workers.These oppressed groups naturally didnt agree with banks, rail avenues and the rich. The Populist Movement relates to the Wizard of Oz because it portrays the people of these places as fools because some actually do listen to these presidents who really dont have the American people best inte light at heart. Also, the events that occurred during the Populist Movement involving farmers, their hardships, oppressed workers, and authorities mirrored Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tinman, and the Cowardly Lion. Therefore, this exposes how the Wizard of Oz proves to be a political parable.In the text, Dorothy is a young girl who is always laughing and playing with her dog, Toto. She lives in the dry, expectant Plains of Kansas with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry, who is a farmer. They live in a sum total looking augury, and all around them was dull and grey. Dorothy represented an each mean solar day women donjon in Kansas, just living a normal life during this time period. She too represents their values as well. Auntie Em and Uncle Henry show the everyday farmer. In the historical content, they portray the farmer who works day in and day out, but not seeing any benefits from their farming.In the book, a cyclone appears to come and takes Dorothy and Toto to this magical land named the Land of Oz. It turns out Dorothys house landed and killed the Wicked Witch of the East. The cyclone is supposed to represent the Populist Movement and the political upheaval it brought involving William Jennings Bryan, and the Granger movement. The cyclone could also represent a Silverite victory, when the Senate choose a bill that prohibited the government from issuing money bonds without the approve of the Congress. It was basically to stop the government from using only favourable at times .During this time, farmers were suffering from issues involving supply and demand. They were making more and more of wheat/ impress but the value of it was becoming less and less. They were receiving less money for their goods. They cute money to be both gold and gold so it can be easy for farmers, and workers to chance on the same money, and have the rich repair their money. The Land of Oz is a utopia where there was color, flowers, beauty, and birds singing in the tree. In the Land of Oz, lived Munchkins. They were supposed to represent other average American workers as well.When the Wicked Witch of the East died, they were freed of oppression. The Wicked Witch of the East represented factories and industrialize settings. Many of the farmers from the West blamed their problems on the wealthy and industry. Later on in the text, Dorothy meets the Good Witch of the North. The Good Witch represents a Northern electorate who had supported populism. The Good Witch sends Dorothy to go to the Wizard of Oz, voltaic pile the colour brick road to Emerald City, who has the power to send her back to Kansas.The Good Witch also gives Dorothy the silver shoes, which also serves as protection. This can relate to the Bimetalism vs. Gold Standard. I say this because Dorothy shoes are silver and she is sent to go down the yellow brick road, which can be seen as gold bricks. This can be known as gold money. In this time, it was clear that silver vs. gold was important to the farmers involving the economy. The silver was supposed to be available for the working class, and would growth the amount of money for the working class. In the text, Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, the Tinman, and the Cowardly Lion.The Scarecrow represents the western farmers, and how their hardships and troubles from inflation ca utilize them to have doubts and problems with their money. The Tinman represents the American worker who mostly has populist views. He also represents how the worker felt de humanized and was helpless. In addition to this, the Wicked Witch of the East put a spell on him that every time he swung his axe, he would chop a piece of him off. This would make his body smaller, in relation to his work being minimized by the government.The Cowardly Lion represents William Jennings Bryan. He supported the free silver movement. Bryan had a large impact during the Populist movement and fought for the rights of the common people. He cherished to make silver available as money for the working class, and not only support the industry and the rich. Together, all four of them took the yellow brick road to Emerald City. Emerald City represents Washington, D. C. The city is green and stands for money, and the economy. The green spectacles could be used as propaganda to cloud American people mind.When they get to the Wizard, he is a powerful and majestic character that seems to hold many powers. He orders Dorothy and the rest to kill the Wicked Witch of the West and bring back her broomstick. In the text they go through many obstacles due to the Wicked Witch. in short after Dorothy, kills the Witch with water. It shows that the Wicked Witch of the West represents the untamed, and dry, drought plains in the West. When they returned back to the Wizard of Oz to bring back the broomstick, it was revealed that the Wizard was a regular, indifferent man, who really didnt hold great power like his title.He represents a president, presumably from Grant to McKinley. It shows he fooled people into thinking hes something that hes not. He helps the scarecrow, the tinman, and the cowardly lion by with child(p) them a brain, a heart, and courage. At the end of the story, it showed the ace provide objects of self-illusion to understandably make the scarecrow, the tinman, and the lion feel better about themselves. The Good Witch of the South tells Dorothy that all along she had what it takes to go home, and by tapping her shoes trey times she was able to go home .The fact that they had to have a wizard fix them and then at the end for Dorothy to lose her silver shoes showed that in the beginning, populism was strong but after the election of 1896, McKinley won, the issue of silver decreased. In conclusion, this story showed that the characters and events depicted in the text relate to American history. It showed problems with American society, economy, and politics. It therefore shows in some way that this is a political parable.

Making Moral Decisions in Different Religious Context Essay

Does lessonity make a Difference to clean-living decision devising? Bibliography Declaration Introduction The title of my project is making clean-living decisions in different religious context. The initial aim was to imbibe insight into various world religions and determine if ones faith moulds the decisions one makes. In order to bring home the bacon this goal the project will focus on seven religions differentiated by origin. Confucianism, Taoism both of Chinese origin, Judaism, Christianity and Islam which are of Semitic origin, Buddhism and Hinduism which are of Indian origin.Analysing the traditions, practices and vox populi systems will establish that moral use uplines outlive within a religion and religious deity. These guidelines however do not force a decision upon an individual belief systems simply guide a person in the correct direction toward a moral lifestyle. This in turn draws attention to decision making and how a forgiving can act as a moral agent. The aim is to obtain knowledge and insight into questions such as how does one make a distinction between just and bad? What determines if an act is moral or immoral?Who and what is involved in the decision making process? Do certain factors such as background and life experience influence the choices one makes? These are the questions that will be addressed . Researching theologians and their perspective on the matter of moral decision making will clarify and swan light on the importance of the conscience and how an individual should evaluate a situation using a principle called the triple font theory. The apprehension of immorality shall be touched on in trying to invite out if an act although immoral does it constitute intrinsic evil?The lowest aim is to investigate morality in each specific religion, to achieve this objective the knowledge and information obtained from the research of previous topics will be put into practice in the different cultures. This project begs to ask the question, does religion make a difference to moral decision making? Chapter hotshot World view of seven world Religions. Religions of Chinese origins The Chinese traditions and religions percent similar features and significant differences. The idea of constitution is of huge importance and the theory of harmony with nature and oneself is the defining characteristic of the ancient Chinese belief system.There is an emphasis placed on the welfare and well macrocosm of the individual in the present life as opposed to a future one. What separates Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese Buddhism is the meaning which is associated with nature. Confucianism places emphasis on the nature of the valet. Taoism focuses on harmony with the universe and Chinese Buddhism sees an amalgamation of the nature of the universe with the nature of the self and also with the Buddha nature. Chinese people however entertain no difficulty in living by all three traditions and have no loyalties to any sp ecific tradition.For this project the focus will be on Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism This belief system as stated previously is refer with the nature of the human. The aim in ones life is to aim fully human. Their view of life is that nature was received by promised land. Achieving a good life is living by the will of heaven this is only possible by living according to good human nature. Developing consideration for fellow beings and having a sense of humanity is essential. Family plays a huge role in Confucianism as it is where these values are original established.Confucius was a man innate(p) in 552BC and died in 479BC. He was born in a period known as the spring and evenfall period in the independent state of Lu. He was well ameliorate and had an enormous interest in the history of his people. At twenty two years of age he opened a school where he educated others. He was later promoted to office of minister of justice. Confucius introduced a moral order never seen before and the state prospered from the changes. He tried to set about the state of Lu to conform to his teachings yet failed the preservation of a good government was not a priority for Lu.

Social Entrepreneurship

at that place argon substantial issues related to well-disposed entrepreneurship and how they atomic number 18 dealing with challenges including challenger, structure, adapting to a changing economic and mixer environment, and employee retention and satisfaction. There is a perception by well-nigh small businesses that an unfair competition exists because a nonprofit may already be an established manner with resources of their own.They argue that social entrepreneurship may take a significant foot of a limited customer base that is shared by try small businesses. Differing views among scholars raise the issue of definition, guardianship, and validity of social entrepreneurships. In America, most believe that social entrepreneurship must wait in the private firmament and operated as a substitute for social welfare. (Bacq & Janssen 2001)Others limit their focus to the social entrepreneurs role within the organization. Bill Drayton of The American Social Innovation prepa re posits that the social entrepreneurs characteristics as a change agent are the interchange element of social entrepreneurship, while others insist that the organization must remain the primary focus.The direction-centric nature of social entrepreneurship is a point of contention as well. Scholars are divided over the necessity to link the social mission with the financial goals. Some believe that the commercial activities do not remove to be connected to the social mission, so long as the revenues are used to fund the social activities.Adam Smith (1976) suggests that businesses, although may induct good intentions, are easily dissuaded from the pursuit of social good. Dees and Anderson (2003) also experience the risks of conflicts between having both a social mission and wealth origin objective, admitting that successful examples of such setups are rare in practice.In some instances, as observed by Dees (2012), the social mission can be at odds with profit motives. (Dees, 2 012, p. 321). Dacin, Dacin, and Matear (2010, p. 45) also highlight that it is an increasingly cardinal concern that all forms of business face how to weave social and economic concerns into the fabric of organization management, to the mutual satisfaction of stakeholders.Additionally, Dees and Anderson (2003) suggest that the most significant challenge of operating a for-profit social enterprise is the complexity of combining two opposed objectives which are amplified by the pressures to compromise social mission in pursuit of financial performance.Regarding mission drift, scholars argue that the business sit brings more tensions that benefit. They suggest that situations will inevitably arise due to the distinct objectives leading to a divergence of goals and values. Smith, Gonin & Besharov (2013) point to the competing demands and the ethical dilemmas that are promising to arise in such a situation.Seedco (2007) adds that even though social entrepreneurs have a strong commit ment to the social goal, they may be quickly moved from this goal due to increasing financial problems (Seedco 2007).

Does Positive Behavioral Intervention Support (Pbis)?

Does irresponsible Behavioral incumbrance Support (PBIS) affect Student Growth? July, 2012 Executive Summary In this paper, I provide investigate the correlation of irresponsible Behavioral interference Support (PBIS) and the effects on scholarly persons academic growth. Positive Behavioral discussion and Supports (PBIS) is a systemic lift to proactive, school-wide carriage based on a rejoinder to encumbrance (RtI) clay sculpture. (Wisconsin PBIS Ne bothrk) I believe PBIS forget have a validating effect on students academic growth.The federal government powerfully recommends that schools adopt Response to Intervention (RTI) as part of their general and special(a) instruction programs (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). Most RTI copys atomic number 18 a three-tier support system with 2 spheres, one academic and one behavioural (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). Positive Behavior Intervention Support (PBIS) has been substance ab subroutined to describe school-wide and statewide efforts to implement and monitor umbrella possibilitys in our schools to decrease problem behaviors (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).For the purpose of this paper, SWPBIS, phosphate buffer solution and PBIS refer to School-wide Positive Behavior Intervention Support. Overview of Program As a component of Response to Intervention (RtI), PBS provides the tools that are essential for stabilizing and improving a students behavior, self-esteem, and kindred in general education classes as well as inclusive settings (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).As a system within RtI, PBS shifts the burden on the t apieceer from competency to manage the class and authorization the students disruptive behavior to identifying causes of inappropriate behavior, encouraging positive behaviors and monitoring interventions (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). By implementing PBIS, the teacher has a unique and important role in each students schooling. PBS is based on understanding why problem behaviors egest and it give s educators and parents a new way to think about behaviors.It is the application of evidence-based strategies and systems to wait on schools to increase academic performance, increase safety, decrease problem behavior and raise positive school culture (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). RTI is a three-tier composite of academic and behavioral spheres that, in fact, interact with one another, rather than being par entirelyel solely isolated (Buffum, Mattos & Weber, 2010). The RtI is a three tier composite of academic and behavioral spheres, these reflect and reinforce one another (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).This model is based on and understanding that academic performance is a form of student behavior. These two spheres are interdependent and inseparable and the program needs to evaluate all aspects of a childs performance in school including course of instruction make ups and social interactions (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). It is scientifically and nationally recognized as the nigh effective approach to integrating both spheres of a childs life (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). In polishing these three spheres, PBS is an effective intervention in each of the three tiers.In the behavior sphere, it is often a greater contest to identify goals and interventions because they are less well known and tested (Clonin, McDougal, Clark and Davison, 2007). champion of the greatest advances of RtI over traditional student evaluation processes is its reliance on proactive identification of students who whitethorn be at risk and the use of early interventions that might prevent this. There are few unquestionable screening processes (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).RTI is about establishing a school-wide system for allocating instructional resources where they are needed. This initiative gives all students ( gradation 1) access to the regular curriculum and provides differentiated instruction and support. It requires soaring quality differentiated instruction based on insights in to student idea and keeping track of students progress. General education teachers can use the CHAMPs (Conversation-Help-Activity-Movement-Participation-Success) model by Randy Sprick (2009) as one of the effective approaches to PBS for a score 1 student.It allows teachers to design a proactive and positive approach to classroom management that has been proven successful for large numbers of attempt students in a clear, teacher and student friendly system of basketball team prosocial behaviors (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). This model assists the teacher in identifying the behaviors they want to see and teach what these behaviors formulation like in the classroom by giving students ad hoc behaviors to expend and expectations and reminders are reinforced (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).Students who are struggling and need more targeted interventions allow for receive increasingly intense intervention matched to their need at Tier 2. These services and interventions are usually prov ided in small group settings in addition to their instruction in the general curriculum. If behaviors still need to be reinforced, there are other Tier 2 interventions like equal mentoring, group counseling, being assigned an adult role model to take a leak with (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).One of the noteworthy impacts that RTI and PBS have is the systematic collection of data on each childs result to the interventions as well as support from teachers, parents and guidance counselors who can report on the effect of interventions interior and outside the school environment (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). Some students may need a more intensive individualized intervention that targets the students skill deficits in Tier 3. There would be a reanalysis of all the data from Tier 1 and 2, looking particularly for potential causes or interventions that had been overlooked (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).The team may decide to complete a functional behavior assessment (FBA) that will collect extensive data to identify, the antecedents that may have caused negative behavior, review of the behavior itself and the consequences of the behavior (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012). This would therefore lead the team to create a professionally developed behavior intervention plan (BIP), which would recommend specific interventions based on the data collected from the FBA (Burton & Kappenberg, 2012).Students who do not fulfil the desired level of progress in response to these targeted interventions are then referred for a comprehensive evaluation by the Committee on surplus fostering. Analysis In reviewing the current literature, there were several studies that determined the break elements of SWPBIS that make it successful. In addition, the following studies conducted have reviewed the correlation betwixt SWPBIS and student achievement. All eight studies found a positive relationship amidst the implementation of SWPBIS programs and make betterd student behavior.A positive corr elation between the use of SWPBIS programs and improved student achievement was found in research by Hong, LeBurn, Pavlovich, and Yeung. Hong (2011) investigated the effectiveness the effectiveness of SWPBIS on statewide standardized tests using a longitudinal study over a three year stage at both elementary and middle school levels in Minnesota. forward data analysis based on elementary schools indicates there was statistical significant relationship between SW-PBIS program and schools business.Another study conducted by Pavlovich (2008) examined the relationship between PBIS strategies and school-wide survey problems as well as the difference in educators perceptions of the school climate and academic achievement. Results indicated a significant increase in third grade reading scores between the years of PBIS implementation and one year following PBIS implementation. In addition, LeBurn (2008) looked at the Effects of Large Scale Implementation of School Wide Positive Behavior Support on Student Discipline and Academic doing (SW-PBIS). The study began in 2002 and went on for 3 consecutive years, with 124 public and unavowed schools from K-12 in New Hampshire across four cohorts that participated. Implementation was associated with academics gains in maths whereas the reading remained neutral. Finally, Yeung (2009) examined the effects of The Positive Behavior for Learning (PBL) initiative (adopted from the PBIS model in the USA) in Australia to improve learning outcomes for students. The results of the study show that PBL do some significant contributions in determining long term benefits for students.These explorative findings suggest that the school-wide PBL system has the potential to make a difference in learning outcomes. One of the most significant aspects of PBIS that educators need to understand is that behavior and academics are a major part of a childs life in school. You can not only concentrate on one aspect and ignore the other. I belie ve PBIS will improve student success in school because more time will be dedicated to teaching rather than managing misbehavior. The program will as well as improve the school climate for students and teachers.Through PBIS, there will be an enduring, positive change in behavior, reduction in suspensions as well as increase in graduation rates. I think there are still years of work and development in PBIS, but I believe this is a significant paradigm shift in education where educators are collaborating and assuring that all children learn by analyzing their academic work as well as their behaviors. Decision Matrix Key Characteristics metric weight unit % Fidelity of the PBIS Program 25% Increase in referrals to Special Education 20%Increase in Suspension and behavior issues 30% instructor/Student Buy In 10% Cost Effectiveness 15% Total 100% Key CharacteristicsOptions weight Fidelity Referrals Suspension instructor/Student Buy In Cost Total 25% 20% 30% 10% 15% 100% 1. PBIS raw 10 8 8 7 7 wt. 300 160 160 cv 105 830 2. Ripple Effects raw 5 5 5 4 5 wt. 150 100 100 60 75 485 3. Leaps raw 3 5 4 5 7 wt. 90 100 80 75 105 450 References Benner, G. , Nelson, J. , Ron, J. Sanders, E. , Ralston, N. (2012). Behavior intervention for students with externalizing behavior problems primary-level standard protocol. Exceptional Children, 78 ( 2). Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com. arktos. nyit. edu/education/docview/916923328/137DC178FA97D350E74/1? accountid=12917 Buffum, A. , Mattos, M. , & Weber, C. (2008) Pyramid response to intervention RtI, professional learning communities, and how to respond when kids dont learn. Bloomington, IN Solution Tree. Burton, D. & Kappenberg, J. 2012). The complete guide to RTI an implementation toolkit. California, Corwin Clonin, S. M. , McDougal, J. L. , Clark, K. , & Davison, S. (2007). Use of office discipline referrals in school wide decision making A operable example. Psycology in the schools, 44(1), 19-27. Hong, S. , Ryoo, J. (2011). Investigating the effectiveness of SW-PBIS on schools accountability at both elementary and middle schools Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, Retrieved from http//www. eric. ed. gov/PDFS/ED528760. pdf.

Scratch Beginnings

The American reverie is except as authoritative as ones imagination. The Scratch Beginnings by tour Shepard gives the contributor an opportunity to walk in the shoes of a man work to turn rags-to-fancier-rags (p. xvi, Shepard). Within the book lies non only the journey of Adam Shepard, an ordinary man flacking to advance from being homeless to living financially stable, but in like manner the stories of others, whom Shepard met along the way, taking contrastive routes to reach alike(p) goals. Taking place in 2006, it is easy to connect each event, third historic period later, with todays economy.All through the story we argon reminded that ones character impacts his own achievements A person is only competent to approach such a goal if their heart, passion, and mind argon set to their ambitions. One main motto told the reader that to achieve the American Dream one must never settle for anything less than what they look for from themselves. This saying was shown in many tasks described within the story skillful as Shepard was about to take the job at the carwash, which only paying(a) the minimum, he took some initiative and made a final attempt to persuade Curtis into hiring him at Fast Company.Another example would be of Derrick, with problematical work, dedication, and a little assistance he was able to succeed in buying a new home. Shepards story described the turned on(p) impacts of each achievement and failure. He was not short in weighty of each fiasco he encountered and with every let down transfer to him, Shepard was still able to look on the bright side in each event. The experiences in Scratch Beginnings hint to the reader that the American Dream is not always about hard work but a positive attitude is just as important.Some say the up-to-date economy is struggling but is it any different from seventy days ago when families immigrated to the United States in search for a better life sentence? Hearing stories of your ancestors how they came to America, their struggles, absorbing their families, and by living your life today would you not think your ancestors achieved the American Dream? Over the past couple years statistics have shown that the unemployment rate has increased and many Americans are losing their jobs however, statistics have also shown that technology is increasing and so are desires of Americans.Shepard repeatedly states that with success comes hold he sacrificed his evening outs, free time in order to view extra money, and also his purchases to save for later in life. When shopping for clothes, I even thought about splurging for a couple extra pairs of underdrawers and shirts, but the timing didnt seem right. (p. 74, Shepard) The economy needs to start thinking money savvy instead of splurging on items, settle for the necessities. Shepard utter others have criticized his experiment however by briefly including the accounts of others (Marco, Derrick, BG, ect. , all with different backg rounds, and how they have advanced in society, gives his book credibility. The journey of Adam Shepard was in his eyes the achievement of the American Dream. He surpassed his goals by saving roughly $5300 while living in an apartment with monthly expenses. Everyone has their own rendering of the American Dream and it is up to them to figure out what it is and how they will be able to achieve it. Like Adam Shepard said, We are only as strong as our weakest link. (p. 215, Shepard)

Coffee shop Essay

burnt umber civilization cocoa berry cadence is determined to become a daily necessity for local java addicts, a place to ambition of as you try to escape the daily stresses of life and just a comfortable place to meet your friends or to lead a book, only in one.With the growing demand for high- grapheme gourmet java and great dish, chocolate socialisation ordain capitalize on its proximity to the University of operating room campus to get along a core group of repeat customers. Java kitchen-gardening allow offer its customers the go around prep ard coffee tree in the area that ordain be complimented with pastries, as tumefy as free books that its patrons can read to enjoy their visit.The company pass on operate a 2,300 consecutive home coffee except inside a walking distance from the University of Oregon campus. The owners collect secured this location finished a three- social class countenance with an option for extending. The have also provided $140,00 0 of the required $170,000 start-up funds. The remaining capital testament be obtained by means of Bank of America mercenary loans.The company is expected to grow gross sales revenue from $584,000 in FY2001 to $706,000 in year three. As Java Culture will strive to maintain a 65% gross gather margin and reasonable operating expenses, it will see net profit grow from $100,000 to $125,000 during the same period. 1.1 Objectives.Java Cultures objectives for the first year of operations are Become selected as the Best New coffee bean Bar in the area by the local restaurant guide. countermand in profits from the first month of operations.Maintain a 65% gross margin.1.2 Keys to SuccessThe keys to success will beStore send off that will be both visually attractive to customers, and designed for tumultuous and efficient operations. Employee training to insure the best coffee preparation techniques. merchandising strategies aimed to build a solid base of loyal customers, as strong a s maximise the sales of high margin products, such as espresso drinks. 1.3 Mission.Java Culture will make its best effort to cook a unique place where customers can socialize with each different in a comfortable and relaxing environment spell enjoying the best brewed coffee or espresso and pastries in town. We will be in the subscriber line of helping our customers to relieve their daily stresses by providing piece of mind by dint of great ambience, convenient location, friendly customer service, and products of consistently high quality. Java Culture will invest its profits to increase the employee satisfaction while providing stable return to its shareholders. Company Summary.Java Culture, an Oregon limited financial obligation company, sells coffee, other beverages and snacks in its 2,300 square feet premium coffee bar primed(p) near the University of Oregon campus. Java Cultures major investors are Arthur Garfield and James Polk who cumulatively own over 70% of the compa ny. The start-up loss of the company is assumed in the amount of $27,680. 2.1 Company Ownership.Java Culture is registered as a Limited Liability Corporation in the state of Oregon. Arthur Garfield owns 51% of the company. His cousin, James Polk, as well as Megan Flanigan and Todd Barkley hold minority venture in Java Culture, LLC. 2.2 Company Locations and FacilitiesJava Culture coffee bar will be located on the ground floor of the commercial building at the corner of West 13th Avenue and Patterson route in Eugene, OR. The company has secured a one-year lease of the vacant 2,500 square feet premises previously occupied by a hair salon. The lease contract has an option of renewal for three years at a fixed rate that Java Culture will execute depending on the financial strength of its business.The floor plan will include a 200 square feet back office and a 2,300 square feet coffee bar, which will include a seating area with 15 tables, a kitchen, storage area and two bathrooms. The space in the coffee bar will be approximately distributed the following way1,260 square feet (i.e., 55% of the total) for the seating area, 600 square feet (26%) for the production area, and the remaining 440 square feet (19%) for the customer service area.This property is located in a commercial area within a walking distance from the University of Oregon campus on the corner of a major thoroughfare connecting affluent South Eugene neighborhood with the busy downtown commercial area. The commercially zoned premises have the necessary water and voltaical energy hookups and will require only minor remodeling to accommodate the espresso bar, kitchen and storage area.The coffee bars open and clean interior design with mod wooden decor will convey the quality of the served beverages and snacks, and will be in-line with the establishments positioning as an eclectic place where nation can relax and enjoy their cup of coffee. The clear window displays, through which passerby will be ab le to see customers enjoying their beverages, and outside electric signs will be aimed to grab the attention of the customer traffic. ProductsJava Culture will offer its customers the best tasting coffee beverages in the area. This will be achieved by using high-quality ingredients and strictly following preparation guidelines.The store layout, menu listings and marketing activities will be focused on maximizing the sales of higher margin espresso drinks. Along with the espresso drinks, brewed coffee and teas, as well as some refreshment beverages, will be sold in the coffee bar. Java Culture will also offer its clients pastries, mild salads and sandwiches. For the gourmet clientele that prefers to prepare its coffee at home, Java Culture will also be selling coffee beans. The menu offerings will be supplemented by free books and magazines that customers can read inside the coffee bar. 3.1 Product Description.The menu of the Java Culture coffee bar will be built around espresso-ba sed coffee drinks such as lattes, mochas, cappuccinos, etcetera Each of the espresso-based drinks will be offered with whole, skimmed, or soy milk. Each of these coffee beverages is based on a shot of espresso, which is prepared in the espresso railroad car by forcing heated water through ground coffee at high pressure.Such espresso shots are combined with steamed milk and/or other additives like cocoa, caramel, etc., to prepare the espresso-based beverages. Proper preparation techniques are of paramount importance for such drinks. A minor deviation from the amount of coffee in the shot, the size of the coffee particles, the temperature of milk, etc., can negatively affect the quality of the prepared drink. 3.2 Sales Literature.

Automobile and Martha Johnson Essay

Martha Johnson is a mid- class work family. Marthas goals are deal a gondola, rent an apartment, stay home and be a practiced time student, go on vacation, or save the money. The money she has it is from her aunt. Her aunt passed away and left Martha money. I am writing this essay to barrack my option on how Martha Johnson should spend her money. The chose I am going to perform is going to help her out how to spend her money.The first goal that Martha has in mind is to buy a railway car. The advantages is that she has a car that she can use up to go to school and go to work. She can also use the car to take her mom to her doctor appointments. Also she can go to the memory board when she wants to buy something like food, or clothes she forget go shopping. The disadvantages is that Martha will have to pay for gas and pay car insurance for the car she buys. She will need to buy a use car non a new car.Also she would need to repair the car if it has whatever problems with the c ar. The second goal is that Martha wants to rent an apartment to herself and share it with a roomie also she is going to be a full time student . The advantages is that Martha will have her own place and wont be sustenance with her parents. She will also be close to school and she will be walking instead of driving to school. She will also will be able to finish her career early.

Fight Club (Film) by David Fincher Essay

This confronting movie casts the brilliant Edward Norton and the exceedingly popular Brad Pitt as they team together to bring the usual hotshot of the ampleest suspense movies of whole time. Norton plays old salt, a middle-aged man, who isnt sure what his purpose for living is any more and Pitt plays Tyler Durden, a soap salesman, who has postdate to the homogeneous actualization about liveliness.Directed by David Fincher, pen for the projection screen by Jim Uhls, and based on the acclaimed novel by Chuck Palahniuk, shinny union is a powerful read, which fuses the highly sensitive recurrences that haunt its forbid and confused protagonist with the visual representations of his mental states.It all begins when trap becomes so prevent with his life that he just disregardt channelise it any longer. For his entire life, the media has pain in the neckted a glorious image of riches for every nonp aril and has made every angiotensin-converting enzyme believe that they would be rich and famous eventually, while in fact they werent. Flooding parliamentary procedure with more useless products and making them slaves to their urinate in leases, hole realizes that it is all just a joke.Under the realization of this, Jack searches for a way to find bran-new excitement aside from the material world. He starts to visit numerous support groups for cancer victims and other(a) diseases. This is where he meets Marla Singer (Helena Bonham Carter), a middle-aged woman who is to a fault sacking through and through the same intimacy as he is. Together these face to be the only places for them to find real emotions, and to be able to sway their own emotions at the same time.One day while on an airplane, Jack meets Tyler Durden. eon talking with Tyler, Jack nonices that they lead the same tiny suitcase along with many other things in common. Tyler gives Jack his caper card and tells him to call if he ever needs anything.When Jack unsays home, he finds that his entire apartment has been blown to pieces. With promptlyhere to go, he takes out Tylers business card and proceeds to call him. Tyler comes to Jacks fork up and the two begin living together in an old tire out house. One night outside a bar, confused in their frustration of the world, they begin hitting each other for the pure excitement and epinephrine rush.After some(prenominal) thinking, Tyler has made up his mind about society and has created his own beliefs. He opposes all material wealth and live(a)s for the moment, unafraid of pain or death. Slowly he teaches Jack these traits as well, as they now begin to build Fight Club, an underground association where equally frustrated men can take out their emotions by fighting with one a nonher(prenominal). Soon many Fight Clubs spring up across the rural atomic number 18a and Tyler is hai guide as a celebrity among the members.With Fight Clubs popularity increasing, Tylers plans become much bigger and he establi shes Project Mayhem, his plan to demean the material world. He recruits an army of equally powered men and goes on a spree to destroy all signs of materialism he ticks. While watching the whitethornhem Tyler has created, Jack becomes disturbed by the idiocy of the pursuit and the violent acts they are committing. He wants to put an expiry to the insanity, but without Tyler he cant stop it, and Tyler is nowhere to be found.With Tyler now missing, Jack begins travelling from city to city in search of Tyler. When asking lot if they know Tyler Durden, he is habituated the same answer all over and over Yes sir, youre Tyler Durden. Jack finally comes to the conclusion that he and Tyler are the same person. Tyler is simply a figment of Jacks imagination. Tyler is everything that Jack wishes he could be. He looks how he wants to look. He acts how he wants to act. He is Tyler Durden.This movie combines big action sequences, romance, and suspense all rolling up into one. The great bo rder of Edward Norton and Brad Pitt give the movie just the sort out amount of maleness it needs.How the composer creates meaningThe composer creates a chilling setting, which is familiar and stereotypically American with its high-tech devices, also with fast and crisp thrust of camera angles to show some unholy effects. The composer also used lighting to create meaning. The lab in which Jack was sitting down which we witness in the fast and crisp imprintment of camera shots, had very dark and dull colours. The music also rolled along to help create this setting, which is very important within the film.The handler David Fincher utilizes a number of techniques to present his ideas of budge. The film opens with voice-over from our lead character Jack, vie by Edward Norton. He hasnt slept in months and its beginning to take a toll on his sanity. He finally finds release from his troubles by going to support groups for people with various diseases testicular cancer, bowel disea se, etc. where he finds freedom in pretending hes a survivor, that he has nonhing to lose. Thus, it also represents a new foundation as a result suggesting a wobble in Jacks modus vivendi.Through the character Jack the composer is also able to create meaning. here we key that through zoom and close-up camera angles the composer shows a change in the behaviour of Jack. It becomes evident that after(prenominal) bearing in mind plosion of his apartment, he becomes astound and through the facial expressions we see that he is discontented. The smiling that was witnessed prior to this terrible tragedy has mislaid as a event symbolizing a change in his attitude and his perception of the fragile civilization.The composer also creates meaning, through the use of Jacks lifestyle. In this motion visualise the main character Jack, changes his lifestyle through self-destruction rather than self-development. The composer has through with(p) this to show that there is more than one w ay to change, that change does not constantly hold to occur in a positive way. This is one of the approximately important themes running through the movie.Fight Club a movie about the change within one mans life, Jack, with the help of his relay link Tyler, who is actually a creation of Jacks mind. Jack breaks away from all of societies conventions and this leads to the many changes in his life.Jacks changes are made all the more significant through the use of colours. Before Jacks wisdom all the colours used are dull blue-greys. The camera angles are narrow and focused. This creates a tone of monotony and boredom. Later, the scenes become brighter and colours are powerfully contrasted. Many of the scenes take place at night with neon lights in the abideground with contrast with the bright red leather treetop worn by Tyler throughout much of the film to create an exciting, well-nigh surreal element to the scene. The camera angles become wider, reflecting Jacks broader surve y of life.A further structural device used by David Fincher is to tinge to Jacks earlier life. One example is when he receives a phone-call from the detective looking into the explosion of his house. Jack dos to his questions by discussing how much the things in his apartment meant to him, how they were part of his identity. When the phone-call is over he says, I would analogous to thank the academy. From this statement, it is obvious that he looks back on his former lifestyle with contempt.From this film we can see how difficult it can be for one to move to another entre of perception when everything around them rein great powers the accepted view of the world. It is light-colored to accept everything that is occurring and live in denial without c reprieve. Jack would not have been able to trip out from the media induced, corporate driven life that he led if his brain had not created Tyler Durden.In Fight Club we see there are many reasons for people to choose not to change. The risk may seem likewise high. It might be hard work. There is a loss of the security a person has when he or she is in familiar territory where everything is known to them. Even when the opportunity stares at them right in their faces they refuse to take it. In the movie, we see Jack struggle at frontmost with quitting his ikea-guy life but is soon able to boldly step away from the illusions that held him.Explanation of how the text links to both a text from the Stimulus Booklet and the play AwayClearly, change brings consequences. These consequences can vary in importance and logical implication they can be beneficial, harmful or even impartial. Change, its impact on self and the resulting consequences, which it inevitably brings, is an issue explored by many composers in a sort of texts. Change is the suffice of cosmosness made different.Change can be caused by anything such(prenominal) as time, birth, death, people and fighting The concept of changing self and its si gnificance to the individual is explored in a number of texts including the play Away written by Michael Gow, Sky High by Hannah Roberts (BOS Changing) and the film Fight Club by David Fincher. All these texts symbolise change in a variety of ways. To show the consequences of change composers have used a number of techniques in terms of language, imagery, contrast and repetition.This film Fight Club deals with the approach in which we transform ourselves. In this film Jack transforms his standard of living through self-destruction to assertion self-development. The get hold ofor David Fincher has fulfilled this to exemplify that the things we own, actually end up owing us. The change occurs when Tyler opens the door for him to amend. Unfortunately, Tyler becomes too powerful. This shows the rituals of both sides.Allusions is a structural device used by the director Fincher to contrast the Jack-then to the Jack-now, eternally making references to his earlier life presented at the b eginning of the film. An example of this is when Jack is living in the dilapidated house he often receives calls from a Detective Stern from the arson unit, inquiring about his destroyed condo or feeding him information about it (the police suspect he did it to claim insurance). Jack often replies by talking about how much the things in his condo meant to him and how they were a part of his identity. When the phone-call is over he says I would like to thank the academy. From this statement it is obvious that he looked back on himself with contempt.The director shows that the choices that one makes during his or her life, defines the changes that would occur to them in the future. When one looks back at the decisions that they had to make, the difference before the choice was made and after becomes quite obvious.Another aspect of change presented in the film is that change is often cyclic. As we make one decision, we are soon call for to make further decisions and it is a never-endi ng cycle until the day we die. so one never stops changing until their death.From this film we can see how complex it can be for one to move to another door of perception when everything around them reinforces the accepted view of the world. It is easy to accept everything that is occurring and live in denial without changing. Jack would not have been able to escape from the media induced, corporate driven life that he led if his brain had not created Tyler Durden. In link to Sky High by Hannah Roberts it demonstrates that responsibilities force a person to change, and that the change is not always optimistic, other than it has to be embraced for a character to established, and that although there is a change it is most undoubtedly not an end, but rather a progression.This text has contributed a great deal to my understanding of change. It helps us to see how difficult it can be to change ones lifestyle and to change their view of the world when it is reinforced as being the accep ted view of the world that we must adhere to, and sometimes it requires something as drastic as an imagined person to change that view. The other thing it has contributed is that there are many reasons for a person not to change, risk, too hard work or the loss of security in their new life, but once that change is made, the persons old lifestyle seems contemptibly inadequate.In Sky High by Hannah Roberts, it is not another person, which outlines a change in self of the persona, but an object (a clothesline) that triggers a memory from the personas youth. Personification of the clothesline, and its relation to the causalitys own change in self since her youth, is one technique incorporated by Roberts. When describing her and the clothesline in the first two paragraphs, we are given the phrases silver skeletal arms and smooth, sweat damp hands. equivalence this to age-warped washing line and hands, beginning to accumulatewrinkles one can see the dramatic realisation of the changed persona.Another representation of the changing influence of the clothesline is the descriptions of the hanging clothes. Where as in her youth the clothesline was festooned with socks and knickers and shirts like coloured flags in a secret code, Roberts now write(s) my own semaphore secrets in colourful t-shirts and mismatched sock. This suggests that as a child, the author horizon that the clothes were hung out in secret code. Now as an adult she realises the ordinariness of the practice. The semaphore secrets that she writes as an adult expose to the reviewer the question if these are messages of unhappiness.The narrator utilizes an analogy to illustrate how responsibilities and social conventions plant a persons ability to follow urges. The writer wants to travel as she did when she was boylike, but she is concerned that the conventions of her modern life will not allow her to do so. Remembering the minute details of the garden develops a nostalgic mood. This is so as a person remembers details such as these if they treasure the memoriesSky high has contributed to my understanding of change by showing that responsibilities force a person to change, and that the change is not always positive, but it has to be embraced for a character to mature, and that although there is a change it is most definitely not an end, but rather a process.On the surface Away by Michael Gow, may possibly appear like a simple narrative about three families who take forth for a holiday. People are shown as going away, being pulled away, being washed away, walking away and so on. What is also stressed in time is the act of recurring, regrowth and renewal that results from their away experience.Away presents the concept of change as self-recognition and renewal through the portrayal of the key characters who journey from fear, isolation and legerdemain to an understanding and word sense of themselves and their relationships with others.Away is a short though direct play, which deals with many variations of change, each of which is a change of character or personality, which occurs as a realization as the events in the play, get through to them. A perfect example is Gwen, a middle-aged mother with the need to control. Her immunity to change is of an attitude as her family suddenly becomes separate in answer to her behaviour. The family is on a holiday and what was meant to be enjoyable, becomes a conflict which causes her miss Meg to isolate herself from her. Gwen depicts this resistance to change with the importance of it. Simply equivalence changing toothbrush to changing personality, which will have a resisting effect.Michael Gows play is very theatrical. While much of the dialogue is realistic, drawing on the idiom of the day, the storm and the appearance of the fairies break away from realism. Gow draws on the conventions of clowning and tragedy as the play moves from the comic to the tragic. Many of the characters appear as stereotypes found in c omedy- the nagging married woman, the henpecked husband, the pompous teacher, but as the play progresses these stereotypes are abandoned as the characters are confronted by the need for change. They become individuals capable of change.The composer exploit Language to provides a precious threatening into the intelligences of the protagonists. Gwens continuous and tedious use of clichs creates her the parody of a middle-class housewife with high-class aspirations. In the final act, mime plays a vital theatrical role. It is the explicit lack of language here that provides the audience with a perceptive of the high level of self-awareness and imminent that is now shared by the protagonists.Perhaps the two most significant characters in Away who experiences the most profound changes are Gwen and coral.* Gwen is one of the most momentous protagonists in the play. She changes from being a stress ridden control freak of a mother and wife to coming to an understanding of life and the fa ct that humans are not in control. The plainest demonstration of this is the storm, which trashes her perfectly planned holiday. Note that in the full stop directions, the fairies single Gwen out for particular attention in the storm. Gwen experiences an epiphany during the walk with Vic, presumably in reaction to the news that tomcat is dying. She returns from the walk a changed woman, and it is she who stands and applauds Coral as she walks in Strange on the rim.* Coral has bemused her grip on reality. At the beginning she is a woman pervading ruefulness at the death of her only son in the Vietnam War. In attempting to respond to her husband (Roys) plea that she behaves normally, she enters a relationship with a young recently married man named (Rick). She than adopts the persona of the artist on the beach, and it is Tom who recognises her as the headmasters wife. She achieves some kind of acceptance of life and loss through her performance in The Stranger on the Shore. (Im w alking, Im walking represents a return to life). The walking becomes symbolic of Corals return to reality, her final acceptance of the death of her son who died in Vietnam. Tom is responsible for her healing. He determines Corals role in the play. In Act 5 scene 1 we see her reconciled with her husband Roy. These changes are represent dramatically in the play. Her situation in Away is symbolized by her role in the little play- when she walks at the end, she is retuning to life where she belongs.Opening on the stand up day of the school year in 1967 and closing on the first day of the next school year, the play spans only a a few(prenominal) short weeks in the lives of its characters and yet their perspectives and understandings have changed radically over that time. possibly the character who experiences the most philosophical change is Gwen. Through the intensity of the ablaze conflict she encounters, she has had to acknowledge the inevitability of change in life and has modi fy her expectations accordingly. This change of perception over time can be contrasted to the reminiscing of Hannah Robert, in her story Sky High, Text 3 in the get along of Studies Changing Booklet. Where the older narrator looks back on a lighter, less burdened childhood.The rewarding repercussions of confronting change and of living for the present have been highlighted by the texts I have studied which in turn draw the integral nature of change in the lives of people and their relationships.

Education on Health Promotion Essay

During an 18 month period, the researcher will design, implement and evaluate an HIV/AIDS health forward motion program for inpatients in a non-profit hospital located in Los Angeles California. The nicety of the applied research methodology is essential for the success of the research itself. In this section, we are going to review the characteristics of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies and spring up its application in the research subject. In the book of Creswell (2003 entitled, Research introduction Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches,Quantitative research approach deals on the regular inclusion, observation and assessment of various events associated with numerical relationships. The researcher may oppose groups on an in aquiline variable to see it effect on dependent variable. Alternatively, the investigator may relate one or more sovereign variables to a dependent variable (p. 109). Qualitative procedures utilize various knowledge claims, strategies of inquiries and interventions of data collection and analysis.This approach relies on textual and imaginary data, and has whimsical systematic phases in data analysis and draw on assorted strategies of inquiry (p. 179). The above procedures are essentially appropriate in the unanimous study of the research. Numerical assessment is included especially in monitor records, reading research laboratory analysis as well as laboratory values that are obtained from the HIV/AIDS patient. The qualitative approach gathers textual data such as subjective and objective, which serves as one of the frameworks in health packaging planning. These data acts as the skeleton of the whole promotion plan.

The Gospel According to Spiritism

THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO scentISM Contains explanations of the chaste maxims of Christ in accordance with driftism And their application in conf employ percentage in invigoration By ALLAN KARDEC Author of THE SPIRITS phonograph recording bul solelyow verification faith is only if if that which mickle to a lower placestand resolve font to pillow slip in e truly forgiving epoch ____________ This English definition is interpreted from the 3rd edition of the production lineal cut, as beingness the iodin containing distri just nowively(prenominal) of Allan Kardecs final re imaginativenesss, discommodeed in 1866. INDEX nonE The meter placed at the interpret the axe of the various items in each chapter delegate the number(s) of the paragraph, for quick location.PUBLISHERS FOREWORD TRANSLATORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TRANSLATORS acquaint PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1. The objective of this work. 2. The authority arsehole the lifetimeist doctrine. The military personn elwide control of the t peerless of voice teachings. 3. Historical occurrences. 4. Socrates and Plato, the forerunners of the Christian whim and temperamentism. Chapter 1. I curb NOT COME TO DESTROY THE LAW The three revelations Moses, Christ, Spiritism 1 7. The bond certificate of science and religion 8. instruction troopsual from the pure t unity The radical era 9 11. Chapter 2. MY KINGDOM IS NOT OF THIS WORD 31 The time to come tense sprightliness history history 1 3. The regality of messiah 4. A bode of view 5 7. operating book of instructions from the liven An earthly regality 8. Chapter 3. IN MY pay offS HOUSE ar galore(postnominal) MANSIONS 37 The una equivalent states of the soul in its spiritual wanderings 1 2. The different categories of inhabited worlds 3 5. Earths destiny. The drift of earthly miseries 6 7. Instructions from the liven up Superior and inferior worlds 8 12. Words of tests and at unitary custodyts 13 15. Regene ration worlds 16 18. The progression of the worlds 19. Chapter 4. EXCEPT A MAN BE BORN AGAIN HE CANNOT SEE THE45 KINGDOM OF HEAVEN Resurrection and renascence 1 17. Reincarnation streng thuslyces family ties, whitheras a single animation would destroy them 18 23. Instructions from the pot liquor Limits of incarnations 24. The ingest for incarnation 25 26. Chapter 5. BLESSED argon THE AFFLICTED 55 The thoice of afflictions 1 3. Causes of present- mean solar day afflictions 4 5. detain(prenominal) causes of afflictions 6 10. Forgetfulness of the past 11. Motives for resignation 12 13. Suicide and madness 14 17. Instructions from the Spirits To suffer well up or badly 18. vicious and its remedy 19. Happiness is non of this world 20. Losing loved iodines. Premature deaths 21. If he had been a good man he would construct died 22. Voluntary torments 23. authoritative misfortune 24. Melancholy 25. Voluntary trials. The true hair shirt 26. Should we end our neighbors probation? 27. Would it be licit to hasten the death of psyche incurably sick who is suffering? 28. Sacrificing unitarys contrive got bread and butter 29 30. Ma business leader unmatchables give birth suffering dish disc everywhereful to an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s 31. Chapter 6. CHRIST THE CONSOLER 77 The gentle yoke 1 2. The promised con touch onr 3 4. Instructions from the Spirits The advent of the Spirit of Truth 5 8. Chapter 7. BLESSED ARE THE POOR IN SPIRIT 81What should be unsounded by the nomenclature poor in spirit? 1 2. He who exalts himself sh solely be vitiated 3 6. Mysteries that ar hidden from the learned and prudent 7 10. Instructions from the Spirits Pride and humility 11 12. Mission of the intelligent soulfulness on Earth 13. Chapter 8. BLESSED ARE THE PURE IN bone marrow 91 Simplicity and pureness of core group 1 4. Sinning by kernel of fantasy. Adultery 5 7. True pureness. Unwashed hands 8 10. Offences. If your hand is the cause of an offence, cut it off 11 17. Instructions from the Spirits Let little children come unto me 18 19. Bless(prenominal)ed argon those whose eyeb altogether(a)(a)(prenominal)(a) be closed 20 21. Chapter 9. BLESSED ARE THE MEEK AND THE PEACEMAKERS 99 Insults and violence 1 5. Instructions from the Spirits Affability and mildness 6. indus endeavour 7. Obedience and resignation 8. Anger 9 10. Chapter 10. BLESSED ARE THE tender-hearted 105 Forgive separates so that god whitethorn forgive you 1 4. Reconciliation with your adversaries 5 6. The sacrifice most agreeable to God 7 8. The mote and the beam in the eye 9 10. Do non judge early(a)s if you do non esteem to be judged in re function. He that is without sin, let him be the jump to cast a stone 11 13. Instructions from the Spirits The pardoning of offences 14 15. -Indulgence 16 18. Is it permitted to reprehend, honour imperfections or to signalize on the evil in others? 19 21. Chapter 11. LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOUR AS YOURSELF 115 The superior commandment. Do unto others as we would energize them do unto as. The apologue of the creditors and the debtors 1 4. Give unto Caesar that which pass a slipway to Caesar 5 7. -Instructions from the Spirits The legal philosophy of love 8 10. Selfishness 11 12. Faith and Charity 13. Charity towards criminals 14. Should we risk our odour for a criminal? 15. Chapter 12. LOVE YOUR ENEMIES 125 Return goodness for evil 1 4. Discarnate enemies 5 6. Whosoever sh alone smite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other besides 7 8. Instructions from the Spirits Vengeance 9. Hate 10. Dueling 11 16. Chapter 13. DO NOT LET YOUR LEFT HAND KNOW WHAT YOUR 135 plane out HAND IS DOING Do good without ostentation 1 3. Hidden misfortunes 4. The leave behinds mite 5 6. To invite the poor and the lame. To give without thought of recompense 7 8. Instructions from the Spirits Materia l and honorable philanthropy 9 10. Beneficence recompensed by ingratitude 19. Exclusivist beneficence 20. Chapter 14. HONOUR YOUR FATHER AND YOUR MOTHER 151 Filial devotedness 1 4. Who is my mother and who ar my brothers? 5 7. Corpo legitimate relationship and spiritual relationship 8. Instructions from the Spirits Childrens ingratitude and family ties 9. Chapter 15. WITHOUT CHARITY THERE IS NO SALVATION 159 What the spirit inescapably in set out to be saved. The parable of the good Samaritan 1 3. The greatest of the commandments 4 5. The learn for charity, accord to nonesuch Paul 6 7. Without the per blueprint in that respect is no salvation. Without legality in that location is no salvation 8 9. Instructions from the Spirits Without charity there is no salvation 10. Chapter 16. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SERVE BOTH GOD AND 165 MAMMON The salvation of the liberal 1 2. Preserve yourself from avarice 3. Jesus in the house of Zacchaeus 4. The parable of the bad rich man 5. The parable of the talents 6. The providential utility of wealthiness. Trials of riches and misery 7. The inequality of riches 8. Instructions from the Spirits True home 9 10. The application of riches 11 13. Detachment from earthly possessions 14. transport of riches 15. Chapter 17. BE PERFECT 179Characteristics of perfection 1 2. The good whateverbody 3. The good Spiritist 4. The parable of the sower 5 6. Instructions from the Spirits Duty 7. right 8. Those who argon superior and those who argon inferior 9. The blase person 10. experience to by and by both body and Spirit 11. Chapter 18. MANY CALLED, BUT few ARE CHOSEN 191 The parable of the wedding feast 1 2. The assign door 3 5. Not every last(predicate) those who differentiate schoolmaster Lord leave behind encipher into the state of Heaven 6 9. Much leave alone be requested if he who receives much 10 12. Instructions from the Spirits To those who leave up giv e be condition up more(prenominal)(prenominal) 13 15. A Christian is fleckd by his work 16. Chapter 19. FAITH TRANSPORTS MOUNTAINS 201 The power of faith 1 5. Religious faith. The state of unshakable faith 6 7. The parable of the ironical fig-tree 8 10. Instructions from the Spirits Faith, the mother of hope and charity 11. Human and overlord faith 12. Chapter 20. WORKERS OF THE LAST HOUR 207 Instructions from the Spirits The last sh any be the first 1 3. Mission of the Spiritists 4. The workers of the Lord 5. Chapter 21. THERE ordain BE FALSE CHRISTS AND FALSE PROPHETS 211 A tree is cognise by its fruits 1 3. The mission of the prophets 4. The prodigies of the false prophets 5. Do non desire all(prenominal) the Spirits 6 7. Instructions from the Spirits The false prophets 8. The character of the true prophet 9. The false prophets from the spiritual world 10. Jeremiah and the false prophets 11. Chapter 22. WHOM GOD HAS get unneurotic TOGETHER LE T NO MAN PUT 221 APART The indissolubility of conglutination 1 4. Divorce 5. Chapter 23. STRANGE MORAL 225 Hate the pargonnts 1 3. regulate a counsel father, mother and children 4 6. Leave to the bloodless the c atomic number 18 of burying their dead 7 8. I capture not come to bring peace, notwithstanding dissension 9 18. Chapter 24. DO NOT HIDE THE LIGHT under A BUSHEL 233 The light under a bushel. Why Jesus spoke in parables 1 7. Do not keep community with the Gentiles 8 10. The healthy do not need a cod-to doe with 11 12. The courage of faith 13 16. Carry your cross. He who ordain save his life, shall lose it 17 19. Chapter 25. SEEK AND YOU WILL FIND 241 If you seconder yourself and then heaven bequeathing come to your aid 1 5. beh old the fowls of the air 6 8. Provide not gold in your crumple 9 11. Chapter 26. GIVE FOR FREE WHAT HAS BEEN RECEIVED 247 GRATUITOUSLY The gift of better 1 2. Paid charms 3 4. The money win overrs expe lled from the Temple 5 6. Gratuitous mediumship 7 10. Chapter 27. ASK AND IT SHALL BE GIVEN 251 The quality of prayers 1 4. The efficacy of prayer 5 8. The fulfil of prayer. Transmission of thought 9 15. Intelligible prayers 16 17. Prayers for de dead and for suffering Spirits 18 21. Instructions from the Spirits The way in which to pray 22. Happiness proportioned by prayer 23. Chapter 28. A charm OF SPIRITIST PRAYERS 261 Preamble 261 1. GENERAL PRAYERS 262 The Lords Prayer 2 3. Spiritist Meetings 4 7. For the Mediums 8 10. 2.PRAYERS FOR THE ONE WHO PRAYS 270 To Guardian Angels and Protecting Spirits 11 14. To turn away the bad Spirits 15 17. In skeletal frameat to ask that both(prenominal) defect within ourselves whitethorn be corrected 18 19. To ask for saturation to resist temptation 20 21. grace of God for supremacy over a temptation 22 23. To ask for advice 24 25. Afflictions of life 26 27. Thanksgiving for the obtaining of a favor 28 29. An act of abidance and resignation 30 33. When in imminent danger 34 35. Thanksgiving for having escaped a danger 36 37. At bedtime 38 39. On sensing approaching death 40 41. 3.PRAYERS FOR OTHERS 280 For person who is afflicted 42 43. An act of thanksgiving for a benefit stick by someone else 44 45. For our enemies and those who want us ill 46 47. Thanksgiving for blessings acquire by our enemies 48 49. For the enemies of Spiritism 50 52. Prayer for a child that has just been born 53 56. For one who agonizes 57 58. 4. PRAYERS FOR THOSE NO LONGER ON EARTH 286 For someone who has just died 59 61. Those for whom we pass affection 62 63. For suffering Spirits who ask for prayers 64 66. For an enemy who has died 67 68. For a criminal 69 70. For a suicide 71 72. For repentant Spirits 73 74. For hardened Spirits 75 76. 5. PRAYERS FOR THE SICK AND OBSESSED 294 For those who are sick 77 80. For those who are obsessed 81 84. BIOGRAPHICAL SKE TCHES OF SPIRIT COMMUNICATORS 301 PUBLISHERS FOREWORD Ask any phantasmalist in the United Kingdom how galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) branches of Spiritualism there are, most exit reply dickens National Spiritualists and Christian Spiritualists. Yet in Brazil there is a host of Spiritualists or, as they call themselves, Spiritists who follow the teachings of Allan Kardec who far outnumber all the Spiritualists in the U.K. Kardec wrote a number of books on the subject of Spiritism. It has been our policy to publish all aspects of Spiritualism leaving the take oner to practise up his or her ingest promontory as to which path to follow. When Janet Dun lavatory of the ALLAN KARDEC STUDY GROUP asked us if we would be interested in publishing a new translation of The creed correspond to Spiritism, we decided yes. This volume is the resoluteness. We hope The Gospel According to Spiritism will be the first in a series of all the Kardec works.The Gospel According to Spir itism is the Spiritists view and explanation of the New Testament as brought to us by the Spirits and codified by Allan Kardec. TRANSLATORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to all members of the ALLAN KARDEC STUDY GROUP and to all those who assume helped in any way whatsoever, be it through prayer, advice, motivation or help with typing and most oddly I wish to rear my heartfelt thanks to Martin Edmonds for hours of painstaking corrections, to Chloris Morgan our Publishers Reader, and finally to Glaucius Oliva for undertaking the righteousness of the final verifications with the original French.Our most grateful thanks go to the Spiritist brother who liberally donated the entire cost of macrocosmation. May he be eternally raise and whitethorn his desired anonymity be respected. We, the incarnate workers, pitch do our best to make this translation as authentic as is humanly thinkable. Our very special thanks must nonetheless, go to all the legion(predicate) Spiritual He lpers who surrender taken an expeditious type in this translation. umteen are the clock I hand been conscious of their presence, offering bonus and sometimes as yet dictating passages.This work has brought me great feel and I go off only hope that all who come to read it may likewise receive comfort and enlightenment, be strengthened and upheld along lifes troubled pathways. J. A. Duncan TRANSLATORS PREFACE This is no ordinary book. This is not a book which is usually read from cover to cover, afterwards to be placed on a bookshelf and forgotten. This is a book for daily use, for moments of trouble, when we looking at in need of orientation and guidance, a bedside book, a book to be evermore on hand, to take with us in our hand-luggage when we travel.In other talking to this is a book offering something very special to each person who may read and study it. A book which brings peace of mind and which comforts in times of bereavement. A book in time for those who have on ly a faint companionship or ruling in God and Jesus. This is a book which can change lives by bringing tranquility out of chaos, reliablety out of disbelief, compensation for both substantial and spiritual losses. hardly most significantly it brings us answers to legion(predicate) drumheads that we may have been asking, those famous questions much(prenominal) as Who and what am I? Where did I come from? What am I doing here? Where am I going? It brings us rational and logical explanations of such(prenominal) matters as reincarnation, inequality of wealth in the world, the reasons wherefore we sometimes abhor certain hatful on sight, and the more disharmonies that exist among economize and wife, brother and sister, parents and children, and many more. Probably this book will play its greatest part in helping humanity towards a better discretion of LIFE and lead public towards spiritual enlightenment through its public utility company when used as readings in Churc hes and Study Groups.It can correspondingly be of great help at times of stress, grief or when we are at a loss to know what to do, to open the book casually, after a moments thought and read at the occlusive where our eye first falls upon the page. Finally, entirely sure enough not the least of its uses is that it brings the key to the Bible parables in bothday language together with the deep nubs behind the teachings of Jesus. This is the third book of the Doctrine as codified by ALLAN KARDEC whose real construct was HIPPOLYTE LEON DENIZARD RIVAIL and we offered here a brief biography of this remarkable and commit man.He was born in Lyon, France on 3rd October, 1804 into a family who for many generations had been each rectitudeyers or magistrates. He was an intelligent child and was taught high beliefs of honor and ethical motive by his parents. At an early age he showed strong inclinations towards the sciences and philosophy. When he was ten friendly classs of age h e was sent to the Institute of Pestalozzi at Yverdun in Switzerland, where he soon acquired the habit of investigation and learnt the art of freehanded thinking.At the age of fourteen he began to give free lessons to school fellows who were less advanced and on occasion was asked to teach officially by Pestalozzi himself in his absence, imputable to his natural ability in this line of products. He became a keen disciple of Pestalozzi and was much loved by the great man. In 1822 at the age of eighteen, Hippolyte returned to France. A course of study later he took up hall in Paris and in 1824 published his first book authorize A Theoretical Practical Arithmetic Course. This was so victoryful that it act to be reprinted till as late as 1876.He had an instinct for methodology and this was only the beginning, for he was to publish many other books on alter subjects including A Classical Grammar of the French Language (1829). Some of these were take by the French University a nd the sale of these books rendered him a sufficient income to live on while he continued to give free lessons to school children. He taught chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, physics, rhetoric, comparative body-build and physiology. He spoke fluent Italian and Spanish, had a pro frame intimacy of German, English and Dutch and some knowledge of Latin, Hellenic and Gallic.He in any scale translated a number of books, choosing those which he liked best. These included several by Fenelon which he translated into German. He undefended his first school in 1825. It bore the micturate First Grade School (Ecole de premier degre), for superior teaching and the following year he opened The Rivail Technical Institute whose teaching was found on that of Pestalozzi. He married Amelie Gabrielle Boudet on 6th February 1832. She was nine years his senior, a writer, teacher of fine arts, poetess and artist. She was a perfect companion and helper, being dedicated and uncomplaining.She conten d an Copernican part in all her husbands activities and sustained him through many financial punishingies encountered during his life, and greatly assisted him in his teaching. This extraordinary man could have become renounced and wealthy through his various talents, but this was not to be. He was a man with a mission Between 1848 and 1850 an explosion of spirit phenomena occurred in America and stock-still more strongly in Europe. In the last book of the codification Posthumous Works published by Amelie, Kardec had scripted It was in 1854 that I perceive astir(predicate) Table-turning for the first time. His friend Mr. Fortier brought him the sign news of these extraordinary carry onings The tables also talk Kardecs reply to this was I will only turn over when I hitch it and when it can be prove to me that a table has a brain which can think, nerves to feel with and can also become somnambulic. Until then, allow me to see nothing more than fantasy in these stories He had evermore been a disbeliever of such things as ghosts. After various encounters with Mr. Fortier, in 1855 he was finally persuaded to attend a seance and his curiosity was aroused.He then became a frequent visitant at the seances held in the house of a certain Mr. Baudin. It was in item here that he began his studies and research. He was neer to become a medium, but was exceedingly intuitive. On 30th April 1856 a medium in his group received the first indications from Spirit of his mission. His wife always accompanied him to all the meetings and eventually became his secretary, upholding him in every aspect of his work. He adopted the nom de plume of ALLAN KARDEC at the conjureion of Spirit, so that the works of the codification should not be preoccupied with his own works.The first book of the codification (The Spirits Book), was published in 1857. This like year he also began meetings in his own home. A year later he founded The Parisiene Society for Spiritist Studies. T he few remaining years of his life were dedicated to his work, the completion of the Codification, and to lecturing on Spiritism and its philosophy. He also make exhaustive journeys in order to take the reciprocation to as many places as possible, all of which he completed at his own expense. In 1867 he met Leon Denis, who became his disciple, and who later published a series of classic works on Spiritism.On March 31st, 1869, having just finished drawing up the authorship and rules of a new society that he planned to hurl, while sit down in his usual chair at his study-table in the Rue Sainte Anne, in the act of tying up a bundle of papers, his busy life was suddenly brought to an end. The passing from Earth into the Spiritual World was instantaneous, a serene falling asleep a fitting end to a life well lived. But although the somatogenic man is no hourlong with us he lives on in Spirit, continuing his work by inspiring, stimulant and encouraging us to continue our search for knowledge.In his introduction to THE SPIRITS BOOK, Allan Kardec expresses his tactual sensation that new ideas need new terms and so he attainulated the words SPIRITIST and SPIRITISM to give a clear and precise gist to this doctrine. In his day the word Spiritualist meant the opposite to Materialist, but it did not follow that a Spiritualist believed in the existence of spirits or the possibility of intercourse with the nonvisual world. He employed the word Spiritism to stipulate the fundamental principle of the Spiritist theory which is the relation of the material world with spirits or the beings of the in distinct world.A Spiritist is one who adheres to this doctrine. We continue to use these terms today as the ideas they exhibit become more plentifuly understood. Amongst those ideas is the study of the interrelationship amidst the twain worlds, visible and invisible the scientific, philosophical and religious aspects of existence the ever jam need for man to instruct himself, to cast aside all whodunit and superstition to accept responsibility for the life he leads today and the life he is fashioning for himself in the future by his present actions, or lack of them, as the case may be.As life gathers momentum, as the world goes from crisis to crisis at this time, we are more and more conscious of the reality of the accuracys contained in Kardecs books. As the world prepares for a New Epoch, which is already dawning, we realize the need for all humanity to grow towards this knowledge, to anticipate enlightenment so as to be ready. When this time will finally be upon the world then serviceman will be able to appreciate the greatness of this mans vision into the future. However, we must not forget one important fact, that in order to meet the future we must make preparations in our TODAY from each one moment that passes cannot be recovered, therefore we must make use of every instant to grow SPIRITUALLY To open up our horizons, to broaden our minds, to seek and cultivate our SPIRITUALITY We are Spiritual Beings, we are all deathless creatures If we are to one day find happiness and peace then we must consider our full-page being While we go on thinking of ourselves as material quite a little, we are only looking at half of ourselves and here lies the secret of so many mistakes, so many unhappiness and so many failures. But in order to recognize these truths we must also be prepared to accept the responsibilities that go wish them.For every person this wider and deeper knowledge of LIFE carries with it the need for self analysis, self-correction and self- improvement. Without these things we are all standing still, marking time, going nowhere If this book helps even one person to take just one step in front then it will have done its work. God never demands the unrealistic of any one of us, nor gives us burdens for which we do not have the strength so if we try to make a conscious effort to better ourselves then we have begun our journey into the future, towards the LIGHT, where one day victory, peace and joy will be ours.London, 1987 Janet Duncan PREFACE The Spirits of the Lord, who are the Virtues of Heaven, move as does an gigantic army upon receiving orders from their commander spreading out over the face of the Earth and, similar to the stars which fall one after another from the skies, are come to illumine pathways and open the look of those who cannot see. In truth I say unto you the times are come when all things will be established in their true light, when the darkness shall be dissipated, the prideful missed and the just glorified.The great voices of Heaven reverberate like the weighed down of yellow pitcher plant and the choirs of angels assemble. Man kindhearted, we are inviting you to this divine concert. Take up the harp and lift up your voices in unison so that, in a sacred chorus, the sound may extend and reecho from one extreme of the universe to the other. cranny bein gs, beloved brothers and sisters, we are here beside you. Love one another and say from the bottom of your hearts Lord Lord In so doing you touch the wishes of the Father who is in Heaven then you too may enter into the Kingdom of Heaven. THE SPIRIT OF TRUTH INTRODUCTION 1.THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK The Gospel can be divided into five parts the events in the life of Christ the miracles the prophecies the words taken by the Church on which they fundamentd their dogmas the moral teachings. The first four have been the object of controversies. But the last, however, has remained constantly inviolate. Before this divine tag even incredulity bows down. This is the common establish where all cults may be united, the flag under which all may gather, some(prenominal) their creeds may be, because it has never been a matter of religious dis entruste, which always and in all places has originated from dogmatism.Moreover, if it had been discussed, then all cults would have found their own condemnation within it, seeing that, in the majority, they have held on to the more mystical rather than the moral part, which demands an intimate reform from each one. in particular prepared for mankind, it constitutes a code of rules on how to behave in every circumstance of private and public life and offers the basic principles for all social relations, founded on rigid justice. It is, finally and preceding(prenominal) all, the infallible route to enduring happiness and the uplifting of a comer of the veil that hides the future life.This is what forms the scoopful objective of this work. Everyone admires the moral behind the Gospel everyone proclaims its sublimeness and the need we have of it. However, of the many who proclaim their faith, believing what others have said or relying on maxims which have become proverbs, few know the basis and even fewer catch it or are able to deduce the consequences of it. In many cases the reason for this is in the difficulty of instinct the Gospel, which for many is quite unintelligible.The allegorical form used and the intentional mysticism of the language make it something we read because we feel we ought to, because our conscience tells us to or because we are obliged to, as one would read prayers, without go outing them and whence without taking any benefit from them. In this way the moral precepts go un notice, scattered here and there between a mass of narrative. This makes it impossible to get the general idea of the whole or to take these ideas as specific subjects for reading and meditation. It is true that various works have already been written concerning the evangelic moral.But after being put into modem prose they have lost their primitive simplicity, which at the like time constitutes their charm and authenticity. Many others also deal with the best known maxims reduced to the simplest form of proverb. These then are no more than aphorisms, deprived of part of their hold dear and interest due to t he lack of accompanying accessories and the circumstances of the enunciation. In order to turn away this undesirabilitys, we have collected together in this work all the subjects, so to say, that go to form a normal moral code without distinction as to creed.In these citations we have kept all that is useful to the increase of these ideas, putting aside only that which does not pertain directly to the matter. asunder from this we have kept scrupulously to the translations by Sacy (1) and to the division of the verses. But kinda of following a chronological order, which would have been impossible and have do no sense, we have methodically grouped and classified the various maxims according to their respective natures so that they fallow on, one from the other, as much as possible.Indication of chapters and verses permit reference to the original texts whenever desired. These details refer only to the material side of our work, which its own would be of secondary importance. The main objective was to put these teachings within easy contact of everybody by gist of clear explanations, e oddly those passages which have, until now, remained obscure and so unfold the full consequences of these teachings and the manner in which they may be applied Tu. all walks of life. This is what we have attempted to do together with the help of the Good Spirits who assist us.Many paints in the Gospel, the Bible and in the writings of the sacred authors are in general unintelligible, some even appearing nonsensical for lack of key which would help in understanding their true meaning. This key is to be found in its mast complete form within Spiritism, as those who have already do a grievous study of it can verify, and as many more in the future will also come to recognize. Spiritism is to be found end-to-end past times and repeatedly during the different epochs of humanity. We find vestiges in many places in the form of writings, in beliefs and in monuments.This is the r eason why at the similar time it is opening new horizons for the future, it is also projecting a no less brilliant light upon the mysteries of the past. As a compliment to each precept we have added some well chosen instructions from amongst those prescribed, in various countries and to different mediums, by the Spirits. If they had been taken from only one origin they would probably have suffered the influence either of the person or the ambient, whereas the diversification of origins proves that the Spirits give teachings without distinction and that no one person is specially rivileged. (2) This work is for the use of everyone. From it we may all discover the means by which we may apply Christs morals to our daily lives and how best to go about it. This applies very be able to understand them and will see themselves perpetually compelled to put them into practice, according to the counseling of the Spiritual guides. These instructions coming from Spirit are really the voices from Heaven who have come to enlighten mankind and invite him to specially to Spiritists. ________________ 1) The version by Le Maistre de Sacy was always used by Kardec, but for the English translation the King James sport has been quoted. (Translators note. ) (2) It would have been possible, without doubt, to have presented many more communicatings from Spirit on each subject, all of which were received in cities and centers other than those cited. We wished, however, to avoid monotony and useless repetition and so have limited our preference to those which, from their base and form, apply more adequately within the plan of this work, reserving for future publication those we have not been able to use here.With respect to the mediums, we have refrained from naming them. In most cases they themselves asked not to he mentioned and so we have made no demurions. It is also a fact that the figure of speechs of these mediums would not add more measure to the work of the Spirits. Th e mentioning of them by form would only be an incentive to personal pride, to which serious mediums give no importance. They understand fully that their part in the work being merely passive, the value of the communication in no way exalts their personal merit.It would be laughable to allow oneself to become vain about an intelligent work to which one had only lent mechanical assistance. Thanks to the relationship between man and the invisible world, which has henceforth been established on a permanent basis, the law of the Gospel which the Spirits have taught to all nations, will no longer be a matter of dead words because each one will put the Gospel into practice. 2. THE AUTHORITY BEHIND THE SPIRITIST DOCTRINE The linguistic universal Control of the Spirit TeachingsIf the Spiritist Doctrine were of a purely human whim it would offer no more contract than the enlightenment of those who actually conceived it. But no one on Earth could seriously contemplate the pretention of p ossessing the sole(a) and absolute truth. If the Spirits who made these revelations had manifested to only one man we would have no guarantee of their origin since we would need to believe, on his word alone, what he said he had received as teachings from them. If we accepted perfect seriousness on his part, the most he could do would be to convince his heap of acquaintances.He would be able to form a cabal, but never be able to form a world congregation. God wished the new revelations to reach mankind by the quickest and most authentic path, so He entrusted the Spirits to deliver them from pole to pole, manifesting everywhere without conferring the exclusive privilege of auditory sense these words to any one individual. One person king be deceived, could even deceive them self, but this could not happen when millions of people see and hear the alike thing. This constitutes a guarantee for each one and for all.For the rest, it is possible to make one man disappear, but it is not possible to make everyone disappear. It is possible to bum books, but you cannot bum Spirits, and even if all the books were burnt, the base of the doctrine would still be inexhaustible because it is not to be found on Earth and would reappear in every place so that all might partake of it. If there is a shortage of men to diffuse it, there will always be Spirits whose action reaches everyone and even those whom no person can reach.So then, it is the Spirits themselves who do the propagating with the help of innumerable mediums, disseminating all over the world. If there had been but one interpreter, however favored be might have been, Spiritism would barely be known. To whatever class is belonged, that interpreter would have been the object of caution to many people and not every nation would have accepted him, whereas the Spirits expire to the four corners of the Earth, to all peoples, to all factions, to all parties and everyone accepts team.Spiritism has no nationality an d does not fore from any known cult that might exist nor is it imposed by any social class seeing that any person may receive instructions from parents, relatives and friends from the beyond. This is haw it had to be accomplished if it was to lead all mankind towards brotherhood. If it did not maintain itself in neutral territory it would rear dissensions instead of pacifying them. The force of Spiritism, as well as the cause of its rapid spread, resides in this universal teaching.Where the word of one lone(prenominal) person, even with the help of the press, would take centuries to become known by all, millions of voices are making themselves face fungus simultaneously in every corner of this planet. All are proclaiming the aforesaid(prenominal) principles and transmitting them on all levels, from the scholarly down to the most base, in order that no one is disinherited. So far, this is an advantage that no other doctrine bas to offer. If Spiritism then be the truth, it is n ot afraid of being unwanted neither by man, nor of modern revolutions, or of the physical subversions of this globe, because nothing can touch the Spirits.This is not however the only advantage which comes from this exceptional situation. It also offers an unattackable guarantee against all misgivings which might arise, be it from someones ambition or be it through the contradictions of some Spirits. We cannot deny that these contradictions are obstacles, but they bring their own remedy with them alongside the ill. We know that Spirits, due to differences in their various individual capacities, do not possess all the truth and do not claim to. It is not given to all to be able to penetrate certain mysteries.The knowledge of each one is proportional to their evolution. Ordinary Spirits know nothing more than does Man himself, but amongst them, as amongst men and women, are those who are presumptuous and incorrectly wise, who think they know everything, boot who in fact are ignorant these are the systematical ones who take their own ideas to be the truth. In short, it is only the highly evolved Spirits, those who are almost completely dematerialized, who find themselves free from earthly ideas and prejudices.It is also known that less scrupulous Spirits do not swerve to deceive by taking causes which do not belong to them in order to impose their utopian ideas. As a result of all this and in relation to all that is outside the exclusive field of moral education, the revelations that any one medium may receive will have an individual character, without any stamp of authenticity and should be considered as personal opinions, from this or that Spirit, and it would be imprudent to accept them or thoughtlessly propagate them as absolute truths.The first corroborative test to be undertaken is without doubt that of reason, to which it is wise to submit, without exception, all that comes from Spirit. Any theory in unmixed contradiction to good sense, or against rig orous logic, or positive facts that have been previously acquired should be rejected, however apparently respectable be the name by which it is signed. This test will no doubt be left incomplete due to the lack of illumination of some people and the trend of many to take their own opinions as judgments of truth.That being the case, what are those who bushel absolutely no faith in themselves to do? They should seek what seems to be the majority and take this as a guide. This then, is the manner in which you should pass when judging what is said by the Spirits, who are the first to offer the means of so doing. Complete concord of Spirit teaching is the best proof of authenticity. However, it is important that this be received only under determined conditions.The weakest eccentric of agreement is obtained when the medium, of his own accord, interrogates many different Spirits about a doubtful point. It is evident that, if the medium is under an obsessing influence or transaction with a mystifying Spirit, then that Spirit may say the homogeneous thing under different names. Neither is it any adequate guarantee to conformity when communications are received by different mediums at the same centre because they may be under the same influences.Only one sure guarantee exists for spirit teachings This is the concordance that exists between revelations which have been received impromptu by a large number of mediums not known to each other and located in different places. It is understood that we are not referring to those communications which deal with secondary interests, but those referring to the basic principles of the doctrine. bonk has taught us that when a new principle is to be presented, it always happens spontaneously in different places at the same time and in the same way, if not in actual form at least in general content.On the other hand, if by any chance a Spirit formulates eccentric doctrine based exclusively on its own ideas and excluding the truth, you may be sure that this idea will remain confined and doubtless will collapse when confronted with instructions received from many other places, similar to many examples which are already known. It was this exclusiveness which destroyed all the dyed doctrine which sprang up at the time of the initiation of Spiritism, when each one explained the phenomena according to their own beliefs, before the Laws that govern the relationship between the visible and invisible worlds became known.That is what we have based yourself on when formulating a principle for the doctrine. We do not insist on it being true just because it might be in accordance with our own ideas. Neither do we have the least desire to uphold our self as being the sole possessor of the whole truth and we have never said to anyone deliberate in this because it is I who tell you. We consider that our own opinion is nothing more than personal, which might be true or false, as we are no more infallible than anyone else.It is not because we were taught a principle that we believe it to be true it is due to the fact that it has received the sanction of concordance. The lieu in which we find our self is that of receiving communications from almost a molar concentration serious Spiritual Centers, scattered over highly diversified areas of this planet. This gives us the possibility of observing on which principles concordance is established. It is this concordance which has guided us till today, and it is the one which will go on guiding us in new fields still to be explored.We have noticed while studying these communications, coming from France and outside, that from the very special nature of the selective information a new path is being sought and that the moment bas arrived to take a step forward. These revelations, many times given through conceal words, have frequently passed unperceived by many who receive them. Others have thought themselves to be the sole receivers. Taken in isolatio n, we would have given them no importance and it is only the coincidence which proves their seriousness.Later, when these new teachings reach the public, there will be many who will remember having received the same orientation. This general movement which we are studying and observing, together with the assistance of our Spiritual Guides, is what helps us to judge whether it is the correct moment to do something or not. This universal verification constitutes the guarantee of the future unity of Spiritism and will annul all contradictory theories. It is here that in the future we shall find our criteria for the truth.The cause of the success of the doctrine as put forth in THE SPIRITS BOOK and THE MEDIUMS BOOK was due to the fact that everybody bad received confirmation, direct from Spirit, of what these books contain. Whereas if all the Spirits bad come to contradict them they would have received the same parcel suffered by others who expounded imaginary concepts. Not even the su pport of the press would have saved them from shipwreck. But on the contrary, deprived as they were of this support, they nevertheless opened new paths and have made rapid advancement.This is because the Spirits offered their support and saving grace which not only compensated but surpassed the lack of goodwill and the part of Man. This is what will happen to all ideas, whether emanated from Man or Spirit, which prevail even in the face of this confrontation and this is the final test whose strength no one can deny. Suppose it pleased some Spirits to dictate a book, under whatever title you choose, offering contrary teachings let us suppose their intention was hostile, with the object of discrediting the doctrine and maliciously create apocryphal communications.What influence could these writings exercise if they were refuted by all other Spirits? Anyone need to launch a doctrine in their own name should first seek assurance in combined concordance from the Spirits. There is no c omparison between a system devised by only one person to that of another devised by everyone. What can the arguments of slanderers, want only to belittle, achieve against the opinion of the masses, if millions of friendly voices from space make themselves heard in opposition in every comer of the Universe, as well as in family homes?What happens to the innumerable publications which have the pretention of destroying Spiritism? Which of them has as much as caused a hesitation in its march? Till now no one has considered the matter from this point of view without forgetting the most important fact each one has been depending on themselves, without counting on the Spirits. The principle of concordance is also a guarantee against any alterations to which Spiritism might be subjected by other sects wishing to take possession of it for their own ends, and so change it to suit their own ideas.Whosoever tries to deviate Spiritism from its providential objective will never succeed, for the simple reason that the Spirits, as a universal body, will cause any ideas contrary to the truth to fall. From all this stands out the main truth which is that he who wishes to oppose the established and sanctioned ideas could, to be sure, cause a localized perturbation lasting but a short while, but could never dominate the whole, not even for a moment and certainly not over a period of time.We should also like to point out that instructions given by Spirits on points not yet elucidated by the doctrine should not be considered as law, until these instructions have been duly isolated and proven. Neither should they be accepted except with all doe reserve and under the heading of awaiting confirmation. From this we understand the need for greater prudence before making any such communication public. But if they are deemed fit to be publicized they should be presented as mere individual opinions, possibly true, but awaiting confirmation.It will be necessity to wait for this confirmati on before proclaiming it as a complete truth, unless you wish to be accused of levity or of irreflected cruelty. The Superior Spirits proceed with extreme wisdom in their revelations. They never touch on the most important questions, except gradually, until our intelligence shows itself to accept a more advanced truth and when circumstances show themselves to be favorable to a new idea. This is why they did not reveal everything from the outset, and still have not told everything.They never give themselves to impatience, like those who want to eat the fruit before it is ripe. It is useless to try to hurry things forward beyond the time designated by Providence for its revealing, and if you do try, the serious Spirits will always deny their assistance. Those Spirits who are frivolous are not the least preoccupied with the truth and consequently will give answers to anything and everything. So it is in this manner that whenever a question is premature, contradictory answers will alway s be found.The principles mentioned above have not been form as the result of a personal theory they are consequences which have been forced upon us from the varying conditions within which Spirit communication is manifest. It is quite evident that if one Spirit says one thing and thousands of other Spirits say something different, we presume the truth does not lie with the cave man communicant. For someone to imagine they possess the troth against all the rest would be quite illogical, be it man or Spirit.The really ponderous Spirits, if they do feel completely or sufficiently clarified about any subject never give a definite answer, but take hold that they are merely giving their own point of view and suggest that we await the requisite confirmation. However large, beautiful or just an idea appears, it is impossible to unite opinions right from the first moment. The conflicts which arise in this case are the inevitable consequences which such a movement would cause, and they ar e necessary so that the truth may be emphasized and the sooner this happen the better, so that any false ideas may be discarded.Any Spiritists who feels worried by this situation may be tranquil, as all these isolated claims will fall before the enormous and discerning force of universal concordance. It is not the opinion of any man which will produce unity, but the unharmed voices of the Spirits it will not be any man, least of all myself, who will destroy the Spiritist orthodoxy, neither will it be a Spirit wishing to impose whatever it may be. This unity will be accomplished by the universal gathering of Spirits who communicate throughout the world, by order of God.This is the essential character of the Spiritist Doctrine this is its force and its authority. God desired that His Law be set upon an immovable base and so did not trust the se fundamentals to only one fallible being. Before such a powerful tribunal, where neither conspiracy, rivalries, sects or nations are known, a ll opposition, ambition and those who seek individual supremacy will fall. We ourselves will fall if we try to substitute our own ideas for those of God. He alone will decide all lawful questions, impose silence a disagreement and give reason to those who have it.Before this imposing accord, from the voices of Heaven, what value has an opinion of a mere man or that of one Spirit? It makes no more impression than a drop of water in the ocean and even less than a childs voice in a tempest. Universal opinion, like that of a supreme judge, is the one which is pronounced last, being formed from all the individual opinions. If one of these contains the truth it merely shows its own relative weight in the balance and if it is false it cannot prevail against the rest.In this immense concourse all individuality disappears and this constitutes yet another disappointment for mans pride. This consonant assemblage is already being formed and before the turn of this carbon we shall see its ful l brightness shining forth in such a manner as to dissipate all doubt. The field is prepared and from now a patent voices will receive the mission of making themselves heard in order to congregate Man under one banner. But until this actually happens, all those who fluctuate between two opponent points of view can observe in which way general opinion forms.This will be the correct indication as to the declaration of the majority of the Spirits and the varying subjects about which they offer orientation, and are an even more accurate sign as to which of the two systems will prevail. 3. HISTORIC FACTS In order to better understand the Gospel, it is necessary to know the true meaning of many of the words used which bear relation to the usance and the Judaic society of the time. Some of these words no longer have the same meaning and have frequently been misinterpreted, which in tom has led to uncertainty.When the full meanings are explained, it shows the real sense behind certain max ims which, at first sight, appear rather strange. SAMARITANS After the division of the ten tribes, Samaria became the capital of the dissenting(a) kingdom of Israel. Destroyed and rebuilt various times, under Roman rule it became the administrative head of Samaria, one of the four divisions of Palestine. Herod the Great beautified Samaria with sumptuous monuments and to gratify Augusto, gave it the name of Augusta, in Hellenic Sebaste. The Samaritans were almost constantly at war with the kings of Judah.Profound disgust, geological dating from the time of the separation, perpetuated between the two tribes causing them to avoid any kind of reciprocal relations. In order to widen the schism, and to avoid going to capital of Israel for religious festivities, they built themselves a private temple and adopted some reforms. They only admitted the Pentateuch, which contained the laws of Moses, rejecting all other books to which these were annexed, and their sacred books were all writ ten in ancient Hebrew characters. According to orthodox Jews, they were heretics and consequently despised, excommunicated and persecuted.The antagonism between the two nations was founded exclusively upon their religious divergences, despite the fact that the origin of their belief was the same. They were the Protestants of their time. Some Samaritans are still to be found in certain regions of the Lavent, especially near Nablus and in Jaffa. They observe the laws of Moses more strictly than other Jews and only marry amongst themselves. NAZARITES The name given in olden times to Jews who took the vow, either temporary or perpetual, to remain in perfect purity. They promised to observe chastity, abstain from alcoholic drinks and not to cut their hair.Samson, Samuel and John the Baptist were Nazarites. Later on, the Jews gave this name to the first Christians, alluding to Jesus from Nazareth. This was also the name given to a unorthodox sect from the first phase of the Christian e poch and who, like the Ebonites, from whom they adopted certain principles, mixed the practice of the Mosaic Law with those of Christian dogmas. This sect disappeared during the fourth century AD. PUBLICANS In ancient capital of Italy this was the name given to those who rented out the collection of public taxes and all kinds of incomes, either in Rome itself or in other parts of the Empire.They were like the general collectors and auctioneers of taxes in the ancient system in France, which still exists in some regions. The risks they ran made most people close their eyes when it came to their frequently amounted riches which for some were the fruits of levies and scandalous gains. Later on the name tavern keeper was extended to all those who superintended public monies and their underling agents. Today, the term is employed in a disparaging way, to come to financiers and agents with very few scruples.It is said As greedy as a Publican or as rich as a Publican, referring to their ill-gotten gains. During Roman role the question of taxes was what the Jews found most difficult to accept, causing great irritation amongst themselves. Many revolts resulted from this problem, so turning it into a religious question, as it was considered to be against the Law. Indeed, a powerful party was formed at whose front put a certain citizen was named Judah the Gaulite, whose objective was to end all taxes. The Jews consequently abominated these taxes and all those entrusted with collecting them.Thence sprang up the aversion shown to Publicans of all categories, amongst whom could be found many people of esteem, but who due to their functions, were despised together with whomsoever kept company with them. Prominent Jews considered it a compromise to have any personal relationship with these people. TAX COLLECTORS These were the lower class of collectors, entrusted in the first place with the collection of tools entering cities. Their function corresponded more or less wit h those of the customs officials and the granting of passes.They shared the rejection suffered by Publicans in general. This is the reason why, in the Bible, we frequently meet the ward Publican alongside the expression sinful people. This did not stand for debauchery or vagrancy but was a term of scorn, synonym for people who kept bad company persons unworthy to mix with decent people. PHARISEES (From the Hebrew, meaning division or separation. ) Tradition is an important part of Judaic theology. It consists of a compilation of the successive interpretations given to the Scriptures which became articles for dogmas.Amongst scholars this was the subject for interminable discussions, most of which were over simple questions as to the meaning of words and their form, just like theological disputes and subtleties of scholastics in the middle Ages. From all this resulted different sects, each one wishing to have the monopoly of the Truth and consequently detesting one another, as so a good deal happens. Among these sects the most influential were the Pharisees, whose chief, Hillel, a Jewish doctor born in Babylonia some 180 or 200 years BC, was the founder of a famous school where it was taught that faith should be put only in the scriptures.The Pharisees were persecuted at different times, especially under Hyrcania (who was sovereign pontiff and king of the Jews), Aristoblus and Alexander, who was a king of Syria. However, Alexander granted them honors and restored their properties which made it possible for them to reacquire their old powerful status. This was conserved until the reveal of Jerusalem in the year 70 AD, at which time the name disappeared in consequence of the scattering of the Jews. The Pharisees took an active part in religious controversy.They were faithful practitioners of exterior cults and ceremonies, full of tender zeal, proselytism, and enemies of innovations, maintaining great severity of principles. But behind the cover of punctilio us devotion lay dissolute habits, a great deal of pride and above all an excessive desire to dominate. Religion was actually a means to an end, rather than an object of sincere faith. It possessed nothing of virtue beyond outward appearances and ostentation. Nevertheless, they exercised a great influence over the people, in whose eyes they were sacred. This is how they became powerful in Jerusalem.They believed, or made out they believed, in Divine Providence, the immortality of the soul, eternal punishment and the resurrection of the dead (See chapter 4, item 4). But Jesus, esteeming simplicity and the qualities of the heart above all else, whose preference within the law was for the spirit which vitalizes to the word which kills, applied Himself throughout His mission to the unmasking of their hypocrisy, and because of this was considered by them to be their enemy. This then is the reason why the Pharisees, together with the High Priests, incited the people to eliminate Him .THE S CRIBES This name was given in the main to the secretaries of the kings in Judea and to certain people who understood matters relating to the Jewish army. Later it was applied to those scholars who taught the Law of Moses and interpret it to the People. They joined in common cause with the Pharisees, sharing their principles as well as their aversion to all innovations. This is why Jesus included them when He launched criticism against the Pharisees. SYNAGOGUE(From the Greek SUNAGOGUE meaning assembly, congregation. ). There was only one temple in Judah, that of Solomon in Jerusalem, where all the great ceremonies of worship were held.Every year all the Jews would go there in pilgrimage for the principal festivals, such as the Passover, the Dedication and the gap of the Tabernacle. It was on the occasion of these feasts that Jesus would also be present. The other cities did not have temples, only synagogues, buildings where the Jewish people would collect for their Saturday meeting s and public prayers, under the leadership of their Eiders, the scribes, or scholars versed in the Law. It was due to this fact that Jesus, although He was not a priest, was able to teach at the synagogues on Saturdays.Ever since the ruin of Jerusalem and the dispersal of the Jews, the synagogues, in the cities where they went to live, became temples for the celebration of their cults. SADDUCEES Another Jewish sect founded about 24 BC whose name came from Sadoc, us founder. They did not believe in immortality or resurrection, nor in good and bad angels. However, they did believe in God. But as they expected nothing after death, they served Him having in mind only temporary recompenses which, according to them, were limited by Divine Providence.With these thoughts in mind, their main objective in life was the satisfaction of all physical senses. As to the scriptures, they followed the texts of the old laws. They would not accept traditions or any form of interpretation. They put goo d works and the pure and simple observance of this law before all outward practices of worship. They were, as you see, the materialists, deists and sensualists of their time. The sect had few followers, but amongst them were some important personages and it became a political party constantly in opposition to the Pharisees.ESSENES They were a Jewish sect founded about the year cl BC in the time of the Maccabeans, whose members, living in types of monasteries, formed amongst themselves a kind of moral and religious association. They distinguished themselves by their pacific ways and austere virtues, taught the love of God and neighbor, the immortality of the soul, and believed in resurrection. They were celibate, condemned war and slavery, held all their worldly goods in common, and devoted themselves to agriculture.Contrary to the Sadducees, who were very sensual and denied immortality, and the Pharisees of rigid external practices and only apparent virtues, the Essences never took part in the disputes which caused antagonism between the other two sects. In their way of life they were similar to the first Christians, and the moral principles they professed caused many people to suppose that Jesus had belonged to their community before He began His mission. It is certain that He knew them, but there is nothing to prove that He was related to them, so all that has been written to this effect is simply hypothetical. 1) THERAPEUTS (From the Greek THERAPEUTAY, formed from THERAPEUEYN to serve, meaning servants of God or Healers. ) These were Jewish sectarians and contemporaries of Christ, being mostly established in Alexandria in Egypt. Like the Essences, whose principles they adopted, they also just all the virtues. They were extremely frugal in their eating habits, were celibate, dedicated to meditation, lived solitary lives and constituted a truly religious order. Felon, a platonic Jewish philosopher from Alexandria, was the first to speak of the Therapeuts, whom he considered as a Jewish sect.Eusebius, Saint Jerome and other originators of the Church believed them to be Christians. Whether they were, or whether they were Jewish, the fact remains that, like the Essences, they represent a link in the union betwe