Internet Censorship Essay - The ACLU and the Child Online Protection Act :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The ACLU and the Child Online Protection Act   The Child Online Protection Act (COPA) was approved by Congress on August 16, 1998. It is the conception of this essay to demonstrate how the ACLU destroyed this family-oriented act.   Immediately after COPA was signed by the President, the American Civil Liberties Union and a coalition of groups representing publishers, Internet Service Providers, journalists, and the engineering science industry challenged the law in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Federal District Court Judge Lowell A. Reed, Jr. issued a temp restraining order blocking the government from enforcing COPA. On January 11, 1999 both sides filed briefs to argue the constitutionality of the law.(ACLU)   Congresss intention in enacting COPA was to protect minor children from access to free erotic vamper pictures available at commercial smut sites on the World Wide Web. In order to accomplish this governmental int erest, the law specifically requires commercial pornography sellers to take a credit card or adult PIN or access number in order to insure that visiting children or teenagers will not be able to see graphic sex pictures on the front pages of commercial pornography WWW. sites. COPA provides punishment of up to six months in jail and a $50,000 fine for each violation.   Plaintiffs alleged in their brief that COPA violates the First Amendment because (1) It creates an effective ban on constitutionally protected speech by and to adults, and is not the least restrictive means of accomplishing any governmental purpose, and therefore is substantially overbroad (2) It interferes with the rights of minors to access and view material that is not perverting to them by prohibiting the dissemination of any material with sexual content that is harmful to minors of any age, despite the fact that the material will not be harmful to all minors (3) It inhibits an individuals right to communicat e and access information anonymously and (4) It is unconstitutionally vague.   The government argued that COPA is cargonfully limited in scope to deal and with the problem of teaser images that exist on the World Wide Web (meaning the law excludes other Internet, Usenet, e-mail, BBS, chat and online services) and further the government maintained that the law is tell solely at commercial sellers of pornography which is deemed to be obscene to minors or harmful to minors(meaning all non-commercial, non-profit, educational, governmental and private communications are excluded).

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Education Educational Educating Essays

instruct Philosophy Statement When I came to State College, I debated on a major, trying to find a passage that would be satisfying for the rest of my life, or at least until retirement. I often wondered if I would ever find a career in which I could direct all of my energy. After much pondering, I decided that education is the right path for me. I now find that not only do I want to apply all of my energy, but also my passion toward helping and teaching children. Education is a genuinely important part of todays society. Teaching is a way of making society a better place for todays generation and our children. Teaching may not seem like a very important career to some people, but when I think back to some of my own teachers, I realize what an important role that they played in my life. Even today, in college, many of these Professors will never know the impact they prevail made on my life. Many people harbor the desire to be a teacher from the time that they are children. They play school with siblings and role playing leads them to a career. My career choice was quite different. I had never considered a career in education because of all the bad things that you hear that they have to go through, and how little they got paid for it. Now I believe that knowing that you have impacted one childs life that makes you more wealthy that all of the money in the world. This was my viewpoint until my sophomore twelvemonth of high school. I had English Honors with bus topology McCall, a true inspiration. Suddenly, I found myself in great anticipation of class and craving more knowledge. It wasnt until I had Coach McCall again my senior year that I decided that I wanted to motivate people the way that he did. I wanted to see their eyes light up when they have reached a certain level of comprehension. More than anything, I wanted to inspire kids to learn. It was that year that I realized that the reward for teaching is much greater than money.

Research Report Essay -- essays papers

Research ReportIn the past, disabled studentsstudents with physical and emotional/behavioral problemswere often segregated from the normal classroom environments. The segregation of students, either by dint of special schools or home-based tutoring, was justified for various reasons. Separate schools provided specialized services, tailored to meet the educational needs of children with a specific type of handicap. Moreover, this freed the regular man schools of having to provide services and infrastructure needs of the disabled student population (Circle of cellular inclusion Project, 2003). More recently, there has been a movement towards full inclusion--integratingstudents with disabilities into regular classes. In 1975, a law was passed that brought about significant changes in the education of children with disabilities and then in 1990 legislation expanded the services for students with disabilities. While presenting challenges to educational systems, many mint live that full inclusion is a positive public policy direction for the educational system. But the issue remains hotly debated.Some researchers feel that inclusion in the regular classrooms is not the bestplacement for every child. Opponents of full inclusion contend that teaching students with disabilities poses a diverse range of educational challenges. The nature of the handicap may vary greatly, including communication disorders mental retardation emotional or behavioral disorders severe multiple disabilities other health impairments deaf or hard of hearing physical disabilities, low vision or blindness and autism traumatic brain injury, and other specific learning disabilities. Such differences in disabilities are often difficult to... ...r this goal?BibliographyCircle of Inclusion Project. (2002) University of Kansas. Retrieved 4/16/03 from http//www.circleofinclusion.org/Curry School of Education, University of Virginia (2001). Learning Disabilities In Inclusion Clarification of Terms. Retrieved 4/16/03 from http//curry.edschool.virginia.eduHines. R. (2001) Inclusion in Middle Schools. ERIC Digest ED459000. Retrieved 4/8/03 from http//www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed459000.htmlInclusion. (2003) Education Week on the Web. Retrieved 4/6/03 from http//www.educationweek.org/context/topics/issuespage.cfm?id=47Inclusion The Pros and Cons, Executive Summary (1995). IssuesAbout Change, 4. (3). Retrieved April 16/03 from http//www.sedl.org/change/issues/issues43.htmlWoolfolk, A.. (2001). Educational Psychology 8th Edition. Massachusetts Allyn & Bacon.

Grief and Bereavement Essay -- essays research papers fc

Grief and BereavementCHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBlessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Matthew 54 Crisis involved with loss of other man being is the intensive of alone types of crises. This paper I will be talking mainly about grief through people loss, as it is some issue, which happens suddenly, and which gage also lead into incisive grief. In this paper I want to also talk about how we as a Christian and especially as a pastor will be able to write out with or help a person that is undergoing this grief situation. This is because many of the times when we see individual undergoing this kind of crisis of grief, we tend to ignore it or we try to take over the grief to ourselves. Worst of all this when we try to convince the person that is in this crisis that it is non on that point at all. Grieving is an overall response to a number of different kinds of problems. Grief is not something that people is bound to experience but something that has systematically o ccurred in the lives of many. A loss may not necessarily initiate an experience of grief. But if there is an attachment emotionally to that loss then there might be grief. Grief is a part of human life. CHAPTER IITERMINOLOGYWhat is Grief?According to Websters Dictionary Grief is mentioned as intense emotional suffering caused by loss, misfortune, injury or evils of any kind, sorrow, and regret. Grief is considered to be a normal response to loss of any significant thing or person. Grief brings about a lack of meaning in the life of the person he, or she feels empty and sadness fills in. There are deuce kinds of grief and these are Normal grief and Morbid grief.Normal GriefIt is seen as when individuals or family members who have been deeply affected by a cobblers last or anticipated death, who are able to openly grieve with each other and accept help from others as they experience the various stages of the grief process. or so of the symptoms seen in this kind of grief, empty fee lings, sighing deeply, lack of appetite, overeating out of tension, unable to sleep. Sometimes there is a struggle with the way one feels about his or her relationship with the Lord. Some of them feel like God is has gone away from them. Most of them have trouble rejoicing in the Lord. Sometimes they over interpret the loss and hold back the question of Gods involvement in the loss. Morbid Gr... ... his way of normal living. Pastors needs to understand these three stages or phases of grief and should be able to help the griever with the knowledge of these. And along side all this we should be able to pray for the griever at all time, asking God to give him comfort. Most of all I would suggest that we should be able to Love and Care for the grieving person and help him to cope to a new way of life. BIBLIOGRAPHYCrick, Robert, D. Min., Grief, death, dying, and Bereavement A general overview of the Dynamics of Grief Helping People in Crisis, ed. Donald S. Aultman. Cleveland Church of God School of Ministry, 2003. McMahan, Oliver, scriptural Counselling, A God-centered Method. Cleveland Pathway Press, 1995.Simpson, Carl Dr., Professor for European Theological Seminary, Lecture from Pastoral Counselling, 07. April 2005, Freundenstadt-Kniebis, Germany. Switzer, David K., The Minister as Crisis Counsellor, Nashville Abingdon Press, 1974.The New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI Zondervan make House, 1984Webster, Noah L.L.D, Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. Cleveland The World Publishing Company, 1966.

Free Essays on Invisible Man: Plot/Character Analysis/Themes :: Invisible Man Essays

Invisible Man Short Plot/Character Analysis/Themes   Invisible Man, written in 1952 by Ralph Ellison, documents a junior black mans struggle to find identity in an inequitable and manipulative society. During the course of this struggle, he learns many valuable lessons, both about society and himself, finished his experiences.   The story begins with the narrator recounting his memories of his grandfather. The most remarkable, and eventually the most haunting, of these is his memory of his grandfathers last words in which he claims to have been a traitor to his let people and urges his son to overcome em with yeses, undermine em with grins, agree em to death and destruction, let em swoller you till they vomit or bust wide open. These words remain imprinted in the narrators mind throughout the book, although he never fully understands their meaning. His grandfathers words eventually serve as catalyst for his subsequent disillusionments, the first of which occurs directly a fter he graduates from high school.   At this time, the narrator is invited to fall apart a speech at a gathering of the towns leading white citizens. The speech he is planning to give expresses the view that humility is the essence of progress. Subconsciously, the words of his grandfather prevent him from truly believing the thesis of his own speech, but he gives it anyway. Instead of being shown note for his work, however, he is humiliated by being made to fight blind-folded against other young black men, and then being shocked by an electrified rug. He pretends not to be angered by these events, yet his true feelings escape him for a moment when, while he is reading his speech, he accidentally says Social equality, instead of Social responsibility. After he finishes his speech, he is awarded a new briefcase. Inside the briefcase is a scholarship to the state Negro College. That night he has a ambition in which his grandfather tells him to open the briefcase and read what is in the envelope. He finds that it says To Whom It May Concern, Keep This Nigger-Boy Running. Unfortunately, he is still too disillusioned to grasp the meaning of his grandfathers warnings.   During his immature year at college, the narrator drives for Mr. Norton, one of the college founders that is visiting the campus. During the drive, Mr. Norton tells the narrator that he is his destiny.

The Causes of Aggression :: The Frustration-Aggression Model

Aggression is difficult to define, it is a complex phenomenon, and depending upon the context the term can be made to enchant either positive or negative connotations, it can be attacking behavior that may be both self-protective and self-assertive or to the infliction of detriment toward oneself or toward others, to the total destruction of others. Is intrusion biologically determined or the product of learning and environmental influences? This essay, will consider instinctive theory, the frustration - aggression hypothesis, and social learning theory. It should then be possible to draw a conclusion to see if any or all of the theories discussed are the cause of aggression. chief disorders, hormonal and chemical imbalances, environmental factors, such as heat, noise, air pollution and overcrowding, although contribute to the causes of aggression will not be discussed during the course of this essay. No universally adopted definition of aggression exists, for the purpose of thi s discussion the definition of Gross will be used. Gross defines aggression as - The intentional infliction of some form of harm on others (Gross page 444) Freud proposed that aggression is an instinctive biological urge. According to Freud this instinct, is made up of the libido (pleasure) and Thanatos (the death wish) (pain). This basic instinct is act in the Id from birth, at first the aggression is relatively uncontrolled, but with the development of the Ego and superego it becomes channeled into socially pleasurable behavior If these impulses are not released periodically in safe ways, they soon reach dangerous levels capable of producing acts of violence. Sometimes it is released in the form of physical or verbal abuse against another, (where the anger is displaced onto another). Sometimes the hard-hitting impulse is turned inward and produces self - punishment action, even suicide. The best that can be hoped for, according to Freud, is that aggressive impulses will be cha nneled into socially acceptable forms. such as football, sport etc. (Bernstein et al page 715). However, this theory does not explain why some people are aggressive and others are not, and if aggression is dissipated into sport, why is there football violence and violence at other sporting events? Lorenz, like Freud believed that aggressive energy builds up in the individual, and eventually has to be discharged in some way. Lorenzs states that aggression is the fighting instinct in man, and that man is naturally aggressive. This instinct developed during the course of developing because it yielded many benefits, for example, fighting serves to disperse populations over a wide area, ensuring maximum use of resources.

The Causes of Aggression :: The Frustration-Aggression Model

Aggression is difficult to define, it is a complex phenomenon, and depending upon the context the term can be made to carry either positive or negative connotations, it can be attacking behavior that may be both self-protective and self-assertive or to the infliction of injury toward oneself or toward others, to the total destruction of others. Is aggression biologically determined or the product of learning and environmental influences? This essay, will consider involuntary theory, the frustration - aggression hypothesis, and social learning theory. It should then be possible to draw a conclusion to see if any or all of the theories discussed argon the cause of aggression. Brain disorders, hormonal and chemical imbalances, environmental factors, such as heat, noise, air pollution and overcrowding, although contribute to the causes of aggression will not be discussed during the human body of this essay. No universally adopted definition of aggression exists, for the purpose of thi s discussion the definition of Gross will be used. Gross defines aggression as - The designed infliction of some form of harm on others (Gross page 444) Freud proposed that aggression is an instinctive biological urge. According to Freud this instinct, is made up of the libido (pleasure) and Thanatos (the death wish) (pain). This basal instinct is present in the Id from birth, at first the aggression is relatively uncontrolled, but with the development of the Ego and superego it becomes channeled into socially acceptable behavior If these impulses are not released periodically in safe ways, they soon reach d kindleous levels capable of producing acts of violence. Sometimes it is released in the form of physical or verbal abuse against another, (where the anger is displaced onto another). Sometimes the aggressive impulse is turned inward and produces self - punishment action, even suicide. The best that can be hoped for, according to Freud, is that aggressive impulses will be chann eled into socially acceptable forms. such as football, sport etc. (Bernstein et al page 715). However, this theory does not explain why some people are aggressive and others are not, and if aggression is dissipated into sport, why is there football violence and violence at other sporting events? Lorenz, like Freud believed that aggressive free energy builds up in the individual, and eventually has to be discharged in some way. Lorenzs states that aggression is the fighting instinct in man, and that man is naturally aggressive. This instinct real during the course of evolution because it yielded many benefits, for example, fighting serves to disperse populations over a wide area, ensuring maximum use of resources.

Business management

It has a database holding various companies records specifically job vacancies. Therefore, it matches the qualities required and the candidates qualifications. BBC, S social club structure In any firm, the organizational structure is a vital factor which de confinesines the achiever and achievement of the influence goals. The structure of a fellowship portrays non only the hierarchy of responsibilities in the keep political party but also it defines the division of functions (Allen, 2000). The hierarchy determines various levels of personnel in the organization.The main eccentric of the hierarchy is to swear the person or groups of persons responsible for the increment of the go withs vision and their tasks in pursuit of the session aimed at achieving the set goals (Bassett, 2004). On the otherwise hand, the division of roles amongst the readyers places each employee in the well-nigh economic position viable for maximum production. BBC Company is made up of various po sitions. The main positions include the managing Director, business development passenger vehicle, enlisting manager and the support stuff which include the accountants, juristic officers and the technical personnel.Abss organization Chart I. Managing Director The managing director is the general supervisor. He oversees the entire operation of the telephoner. somewhat of the main(a) duties of the managing director ar to supervise the general operation of the play along, coordinates the financial way tasks and also initiate the development ideologies distinguished for the achievement of the mission, vision and objectives (Shoehorning, 2013). Ii. Development passenger car The development manager wricks in coordination with the marketers in order to bring the clients.The development manager is responsible for the initiation of the strategies required for creation of health mesh wrench with the clients (Smith,2003). However, he is under the managing director. Iii. Recruitm ent Manager The recruitment manager works closely with the development manager. While the development manager markets the company and brings in the clients, the recruitment manager is responsible for the verification of the clients qualification to find the potential candidates for particular available job vacancies. He also sets the recruitment conditions and standards. Additionally, he develops the recruitment goals (Steen, 2006).The recruitment manager takes instructions from the managing director. Iv. Support Staff The direction team cannot operate without the support staff. For the ease of the BBC Company, the support staff includes the accountants, the Technical personnel and the legal officers. The role of the legal officer is to look into that the recruitment contracts atomic number 18 in accordance with the relevant legislations. The technical persons argon responsible for maintenance of seemly com identifyer networks and development of more efficient management systems . The accountants are responsible for the maintenance of financial records and provide the recitements when required.The support staffs receives instructions from the managers. BBC Companys Objectives The companys main objectives include . Increase the number of the clients. Ii. ameliorate the service delivery. Iii. Satisfy the client needs to the fullest. Mission To be the leading recruitment company globally and which inclines its efforts towards satisfying the clients. Process Map for clients recruitment programme to Ensure Legal, Regulatory and Ethical Objectives The company needs proper propose which discovers consistency in legal, regulatory and ethical objectives in its operation. The plan is as follows I.The management should review the business contracts and other legal documents to find their well-groundedity and compatibility with the state laws. I. The companys operation to be conducted in accordance with the state law. Iii. The recruitment example must(prenomina l) never subject any client to any form of injustice. Iv. The management to seek to have feedback from the clients on the lumber of service delivery. Recommendation on concurrence of manpower and available re authors Using SMART. SMART is an acronym which refers to Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Timely. This provides the guideline for setting up the objectives. S Specific.The desired goals and objectives by the organization should be specific. For instance, the management should be specific on the type of qualification required when recruiting the clients. M Measurable The management should establish concrete methodology used to measure progress towards achievement of the desired goals. For instance, the organization should ask itself how many available job vacancies are available against particular number of candidates. A Attainable The objectives should be within the area especially in terms of available resources for instance, finance. R Realistic The goals or objectives must be within the cap mightiness.The company can fail if it Sets Very high up objectives and goals which are never attainable. In regard to this, the company needs to consider the available resources and their efficiency to enable the achievement of the desired goals. T Timely both goal is bound to a specific timeshare. This determines the time required for a goal to be attained. The availability of resources and their alignment enables timely attainment of the goals. The BBC Company invigorated System. Considering the weaknesses associated with the current system, a pertly system is implemented which is more efficient and breaks SMART attainment of the set goals.The previous system was associated with poor uncial management, dull service delivery and generally poor leadership. Therefore, the new systems are as follow. Service Delivery system A new digital system is put in place to enable service delivery in the shortest time possible. With this system, the client s have to deliver their academic and personal documents are delivered to the companys website via the Internet. The recruitment officers access the documents, swan their originality, test the qualification and communicate to the applicant online.Therefore, the applicants do not have to appear at the company offices in person. Digital ATA management system The new management system is deployed which is used to manage data in the most convenient way. This system minimizes human error and also saves time when retrieving information because the officers do not have to go through big files in search of records. Payment system There is no more cash honorarium, rather, the clients make payment directly to the company s account and deliver the bank payment slips.This minimizes corruption where money gets lost in the hands of the officers. Work activities meeting practicable plan Planning This activity involves outlining objectives, and setting the prospected results. The techniques for a chievement are also outlined under this activity. Organizing organization of the BBC Company is crucial because it enables establishment of the structures and systems in which the activities are arranged and coordinated based on the particular plans and objectives. Staffing this activity involves accomplishment of the personnel functions.The functions involve selection and training the staff members and also maintenance of proper and favorable conditions for work (Personnel management function, 1993). Directing Directing is done by the managers and it involves embodying stopping point reservation through instructions. This activity is done in line with the set operational plan. Coordinating coordination is an activity which is aimed at inter-relating the various activities undertaken within the organization. For instance, it inter-relates the highly ranked managers and the support staff. informing Reporting is one of the tools distinguished for ensuring quality checks.This invol ves making the various organs which include the shareholders, managers, the public, clients, us pliers and others informed regarding the progress of the organization. Budgeting budgeting refers to the setting of financial plans, financial management control, keeping of financial records and also ensuring that the personify is in line with the set goals and objectives. Quality Management Systems Quality management systems refer to the techniques employed to enable proper communication amidst the manager and the employees concerning the quality of service to be delivered to the clients (Quality management systems, 2008).The employees are kept in check to deliver run in accordance to the set standard specifications. Quality management system image. Below are the steps important for designing of the quality management system. I. Studying and Understanding the current organizational structure and the associated processes. This involves studying the environment, the rivalrous level a nd others. Ii. Development of executing priorities. The BBC exercise priorities are in line with shareholders and other stakeholders expectations and desires. This is done before the action design is done. Iii.Development Of performance indicators. The measurement Of each departments performance enables tracking of the general performance of the organization. In this case, the top-down approach meets the bottom-up approach. Iv. Collection of the required data. This involves the calculation of the performance indicators. V. Designing reporting and performance data representation formats. This step involves the decision on how the data is presented to the end users. It also entails how the users provide the feedback for management, monitoring and remedyment purposes based on the data provided. Vi.Testing and adjusting the performance measurement system. This step involves improvement of the previous performance system based on the feedback from the users. All elements working(a) in unplanned manner are adjust to enhance desired level of performance. Vii. Implementation of the system. This is the final step after designing the quality management system of BBC recruiting company. This is where the system is officially launched and put in use for the entire organization operation. The implementation stage involves the managing the user access, training of the users and also the demonstration of the system operation.The system designing process can be presented in chart as follows Quality culture to ensure continuous monitoring ,evaluation and development of process Demonstration of culture is a vital exercise in the organization. This can be installd as follows I. Leadership emphasis Managers in BBC Recruitment Company must understand that the basis of leadership is quality. The keystone objective worked on is to promote quality service delivery in the most efficient and faster way. Ii. Maintaining a leadership emphasis on quality. In any case, there are al ways gaps between what the managers advocate for and what they do.Therefore, awareness about the gaps must be made obvious to the employees. Additionally, the managers and executive directors must demonstrate committedness towards promotion of the quality service delivery. Iii. Ensuring message credibility. The messages provided by the company regarding the quality of services just be realistic and trusted. Credibility Of message earns the company clients loyalty. Credibility of messages is one of the legal and ethical conditions that the company must observe and practice. Iv. Encouraging peer involvement. Exercising peer engagement in the organization is a crucial balancing of act.Showing little support by the managers leads to loss of important opportunities. Therefore, they should be fully involved in activities. The managers also can consider important printing materials such as burners in the working place reminding the employees on the importance and needs to deliver quality service. The workers also should be motivated on their good performances (Purposive, 2006). Recommendation on the improvements The Abss current system is associated with various weaknesses which have led to complain from the clients. The complaints are centered on poor leadership which has resulted to a upsurge of deficits within the company.Therefore, changes must be recommended in order to improve the service delivery as stipulated in the organizations, objectives and set goals. The recommendations are as follows. I. The company must ensure employing qualified managers and other persons in charge of various positions in order o improve the productivity especially the top most positions. For instance, the operation managers must have full knowledge and skills on how to pursue the various roles relevant to their positions. The managers must be well equipped with skills for initiation of valid ideologies important for the development of the company.Unqualified personnel are liabilit ies within the company since they earn a lot and produce less hence earn the company a lot of deficits. Ii. Proper marketing strategies must be put in place in order to increase the number of clients who are the main source of revenues to the company (Lick, 1999). The main cause of the deficits in the company is that the company spends a lot and the returns from the clients are minimal because of the small number of clients. Iii. The company should adopt the pathrne system of service delivery which speeds up the process. This will ensures timely service delivery to the clients.The manual systems are time consuming and also never efficient in handling large number of clients. The modern system, probably the digital systems ensures quality service delivery. Iv. Also, the other reason for the deficits within the organization is corruption amongst the managers and other officers. There should be a proper monitoring system which ensures frequent contemporaries of financial records in order to trace the revenues and the expenditure. Also electronic mode of payment and banking should be embraced unlike the manual handling of money which provides opportunities to some corrupt workers to steal and misappropriate funds. . Also, legal and ethical values should be sight in the companys processes in order to remain relevant to the state and client expectation. Unethical operation makes the clients develop negative attitude towards the company hence underperformed. Report on the implication of he proposed changes The proposed changes are of great importance to the company. BBC Company is under crisis under its current management system. Qualified Personnel Qualification in any relevant position is very important since it ensures maximum productivity.Any position, irrespective of its level within the company is associated with particular skills. These skills are the key resources for productivity. It is also important to match ones qualification with the relevant job cat egory. Operating in ones level of expertise ensures quality and improved level of performances. Therefore, it is worth important o ensure that the roles in BBC company are allocated considering the qualifications of the workers. Taking an example of the operation managers, they are tasked with management of the processes within the company.Therefore, they are required to be skilled on the relevant processes being undertaken and also possess techniques of aligning the available resources to their tasks to ensure maximum productivity (Product liability,ND). Proper marketing strategies Marketing is the key factor that fascinates the clients to seek services with the BBC Company. There are various other companies providing the name recruitment services and the company is tasked to strategies the best ideas that can make them develop competitive goods over the others.There are various ways for marketing which include making advertisement via radios, televisions, social media such as fac eable and also using marketing agents who make direct penetrate with the clients (Foss, 2012).. Develop financial monitoring system Corruption and misappropriation of funds within the organization is one of the worst practices that can kill the general development. Therefore, the company must put in place monitoring system which includes safe moment mode which includes direct banking by the clients on registration and frequent generation of the financial records which enables tracing of revenues and expenditure.Modern service Delivery system The modern digital service delivery system is very crucial at the current generation since it is very convenient and safes time. The client whitethorn not even need to appear to the company registration premises rather he or she may need to make online application and the records are delivered directly to the companys portals for verification and approval is communicated to the client via email or phone. Also, the digital mode of keeping record s is important because it ensure easy retrieval of the same when required (Davis, 1993).The record keepers waste a lot of time accessing records saved in hard copy files. Proper legal and ethical values Legal and ethical values are very crucial factors in general processes in the company. They ensure relevance with the client and state expectation (Cross,2007). Risk Assessment Working with BBC Company is associated with some risks. Computer operators within the company suffer risk of developing computer syndrome. Long term use of computer leads to complication which includes eye implication and also the long term effects may be cancer due to exposure to beamy from the cathode ray tube screens.Also, the field marketers suffer risks of getting indulged in accidents such as road accidents because they travel almost daily. Also, the buildings are under risk of transmittable sting because of heat generated by heavy machines used for instance, the generators. Demonstration wellness and safety regulations To minimize the risks, the company has set the maximum time one has to work on the computer probably two hours in a day (Design to reduce technical risk, 2007). This is achieved by employing sufficient employees who work in shifts.Also, the vehicles used are serviced regularly to ensure that they are in good conditions. Over speeding the companys vehicles are illegal and the companys mechanics have fixed speed governors to all the company vehicles. Additionally, the building has a lot of fire extinguishers which ensures safety in case of fire (LEN Site 200 Risk Management Plans, 2008). Review of BBC Company Health and safety policies Below are some of the companys health and safety policies and regulation I. It is illegal to spit carelessly within the company. Ii. No smoking in the work place iii.In case of fire, get out of the building as soon as possible through nearby exit and use the available fire extinguishers to fight the fire. Iv. Strangers are not permit ted into the company premises unless permitted. V. Make use of the dust pits. Implementation of the health and safety policies. A body is formed to ensure that the health and safety policies are observed by all. Also the body is responsible for taking legal actions against anyone breaching the policies. The group also conducts the seminars on the important of the find the safety and healthy policies. wrinkle ManagementPandora Medal In terms of risk, uncertainty, and how its managers handled the companys challenges. What Is the current news on this company? The meaning of a business operational under conditions of uncertainty Is the miss of pertinent information and cannot estimate accurately the likelihood of different results of their actions. Pandora media provides internet radio services in the united States. Some of Panders risks that would lead to the companys probability of success would be the uncertainty at the core of finance.Meaning, even though Panders music service ha s grown to 80 million registered users and a database of over 800,000. They still want to generate sufficient revenue to turn a profit due to the economy. Managers handle the company challenges by modifying its original commitment to the free radio model, crack users an alternative. Listeners who would prefer to skip the advertising have an option to pay $36 per year for ad-free streaming of their music. 2) What effects does time force per unit area have on your decision making?In what ways do you handle It well and not so well? The effect time air pressure has on an Individual bodacious be the use of proper time management. For example. Your boss need you to pick up the slack for someone who took a nauseating leave you have their work as well as your. The best way to handle the touch is organization. Being able to accomplish doing your work and theirs without locomote behind. I had a situation were I was on call working a IT position that required me to monitor a server for a great deal 500 level company.Hardware indispensable to be repaired overnight. Time management was key because I knew that if I got paged late at night I would have to educate time to work he issue as well as has have enough sleep to work the next day. 3) Recall a juvenile decision that you had difficulty making. hear it In terms of the characterless of managerial decisions. I can recall a situation working for IBM as a storage admit working a seventy Issue on a ironware server some ports failed causing failure to the internet between our service and their company.I had to call a IT in another state where the company was located to schedule time to repair the problem. I designed an Microsoft excel design plan that needed to be approved by y manager in order to processed in resolving the issue. Being new to the company I took a lot of sufficient notes in order to be successful. This improved my personal growth within the company helping me design the plan for reviews and get approved by my 1st line manager for the process.I also had to use my networking skills by listening and asking my co-workers if I needed answers. This is were my programmed decision were sarcastic when It came to dealing with technology. 4) What do you deal are some advantages and disadvantages to using computer technology In decision making? The advantages of technology are the Improvement of company relative cost. Also the companys overall business strategy meaning the important technologies to reinforce the companys competitive position.The disadvantages of using computer technology are failure of hardware and software that is purchased by a company. Also having outdated technology that causes problems to compete with other companies as well as performance issues on company projects. 5) converse the potential advantages and disadvantages of using a group to make decisions. Give examples from your experience. The advantages of using group sections for business project would hel p give better perspective of the work.Also the ability to use ready-made solutions or custom made solutions between the experience and non-experienced members of your group. For example, if you work in a pool environment for a company the advantage would be networking with your time to improve your skills for your Job position. The only disadvantage is someone in your group lacks the ability to perform at the level of the group members in order to successful close work. Or a uncertain team member not being optimistic about the causing the group to fail.Business ManagementPandora Medal In terms of risk, uncertainty, and how its managers handled the companys challenges. What Is the current news on this company? The meaning of a business operating under conditions of uncertainty Is the lack of pertinent information and cannot estimate accurately the likelihood of different results of their actions. Pandora media provides internet radio services in the united States. Some of Panders ri sks that would lead to the companys probability of success would be the uncertainty at the core of finance.Meaning, even though Panders music service has grown to 80 million registered users and a database of over 800,000. They still lack to generate sufficient revenue to turn a profit due to the economy. Managers handle the company challenges by modifying its original commitment to the free radio model, offering users an alternative. Listeners who would prefer to skip the advertising have an option to pay $36 per year for ad-free streaming of their music. 2) What effects does time pressure have on your decision making?In what ways do you handle It well and not so well? The effect time pressure has on an Individual loud be the use of proper time management. For example. Your boss need you to pick up the slack for someone who took a sick leave you have their work as well as your. The best way to handle the situation is organization. Being able to accomplish doing your work and theirs without falling behind. I had a situation were I was on call working a IT position that required me to monitor a server for a fortune 500 level company.Hardware needed to be repaired overnight. Time management was key because I knew that if I got paged late at night I would have to prepare time to work he issue as well as has have enough sleep to work the next day. 3) Recall a recent decision that you had difficulty making. Describe it In terms of the characterless of managerial decisions. I can recall a situation working for IBM as a storage admit working a seventy Issue on a hardware server some ports failed causing failure to the internet between our service and their company.I had to call a IT in another state where the company was located to schedule time to repair the problem. I designed an Microsoft excel design plan that needed to be approved by y manager in order to processed in resolving the issue. Being new to the company I took a lot of sufficient notes in order to be s uccessful. This improved my personal growth within the company helping me design the plan for reviews and get approved by my 1st line manager for the process.I also had to use my networking skills by listening and asking my co-workers if I needed answers. This is were my programmed decision were critical when It came to dealing with technology. 4) What do you think are some advantages and disadvantages to using computer technology In decision making? The advantages of technology are the Improvement of company relative cost. Also the companys overall business strategy meaning the important technologies to reinforce the companys competitive position.The disadvantages of using computer technology are failure of hardware and software that is purchased by a company. Also having outdated technology that causes problems to compete with other companies as well as performance issues on company projects. 5) Discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of using a group to make decisions. Give examples from your experience. The advantages of using group sections for business project would help give better perspective of the work.Also the ability to use ready-made solutions or custom made solutions between the experience and non-experienced members of your group. For example, if you work in a pool environment for a company the advantage would be networking with your time to improve your skills for your Job position. The only disadvantage is someone in your group lacks the ability to perform at the level of the group members in order to successful finish work. Or a uncertain team member not being optimistic about the causing the group to fail.

Homework Is Bad

Homework is harmful to my health? When I first read the topic, a big question mark appeared in my mind. I choosent thought that readying is harmful to my health because I have been taught that doing homework is students duty. However, in my opinion, too a great deal homework is really harmful to my health according to the following reasons. First of all, too much homework exhausts brains and bodies, so I apprizet have a good rest.I stay in school almost ten hours from 7 a. m. to 5 p. m. on weekdays. When getting home, I am extremely tired, but I still have to cheer up to finish daily homework. As a result, I dont have any time to take a rest. Second, too much homework leads to insufficient sleep. I have different homework from different subjects. Take me for example, as a second grader in senior high school, on average I usually spend 2 or 3 hours on homework every day.When having lots of homework to do, I will stay up late to complete homework. Unfortunately, I still have to get up earlier next morning, so I nookyt get enough sleep. Third, too much homework causes stress, especially so-called difficult homework. When I cant solve difficult problems by myself, such as problems in math, chemistry, and physics, I am absolutely obsessed with these difficult problems and then they become my expectant burdens and pressure.Fourth, doing too much homework makes eyes extremely tired and eventually it may cause near-sighted. I wear glasses because I ignore the magnificence of right gestures and bright light while doing homework. According to these above reasons, I firmly believe that too much homework is harmful to my health. Although too much homework may be harmful to my health, adequate homework is beneficial to my studies. After all, doing homework is one of my duties.

Food Inequality

Food Inequality between Developed and Developing Countries Introduction These days, any domestic problems tend to be connected with or caused by reasons approach from outside abroad. Among those globalized get it ons, one of the serious be intimates is the theme of regimen security. concord to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), the outlook for the global cereal supply in the 2011/12 marketing time of year has improved the following positive production. However, the impact on global pabulum security remains uncertain given the current international economic lag and changeable weather.For example of food security, in Eastern Africa, the drought-induced humanitarian crisis continues to take lives and reduce livestock. Additionally, in East Asia, severe local anaestheticized monsoon floods in several countries Bangladesh, pop Peoples Republic of Korea, India, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines may reduce the final outcome because of th e natural disaster while a record 2011 cereal harvest was anticipated. What do all these facts mean? Should bulk put up with the hunger if weather hits them and the economy is tough?There wait to be both(prenominal) other reasons which facilitate food security and if we could struggle with them, the damage caused by the reasons of natural disasters and the tough economy will be mitigated. What could these reasons be? This essay explores the extent to which Population Growth, Food Distribution, Genetic Resources Factors contribute to the problem of food security. Population Growth Today, it is generally agreed that food insecurity issue butt joint be attributed to the fact that we atomic number 18 running out of food due to the intense tribe growth.In this part, we shall examine the idea carefully. The solid grounds population has been change magnitude, according to the insure of World Bank in 2011, the population of the earth has been doubled over the past 50 years. In th is period, gentlemans gentleman population increase 3 one thousand thousand to 6. 8 billion. Beyond the year 2050, it is projected that the population is to approach 9 billion, and the growth would likely occur in growing regions such as Africa, Asia, and Latin America.Inversely, the industrial countries or developed countries are going through a trend of fall population. The increase in population of developing countries is one of the main factors of the global population increase. A nonher factor is that the average life span has been extended, which means that the death rate is dramatically decreasing all over the world. The explosive increase of population brings to a greater extent or less a problem of inequality, especially food. An excess of population is linked to food production and thus, food security.In a TED talk in 2007, Hans Rosling gave a lecture about inequality between developing and developed countries and attributed the food inequality to the fact that the wo rld population has been increasing. In 1960, the gap was relatively small but now the existing gap between both of them has intensified. He had mentioned an example of shoes and cars, and at the very last he discussed food insecurity. Therefore, according to his speech, we can claim that the population growth causes the food inequality issue between developing countries and industrialised countries.However, on the other hand, according to two obtains which we mostly relied on, Ending Hunger by the Hunger Project and Food Policy by The Johns Hopkins University Press, we found on that point were some state who had made an objection against the idea. FAO and the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) reported in 2008 that new estimate of the number of throng who would brave chronic hunger in which year was 925 million, which, however, doesnt mean that there is non enough food for the tribe who need it in the world.According to the report of FAO, the amount of world crop produc tion was recorded two billions tons in 2008, which had been the best record. If the all crops were distributed equally to all citizenry around the world, from each one of people was supposed to eat 320kg in a year, which is twice as much as crops that are eaten by Japanese per a year on average. Given that there are more food like vegetable, fish, and meat, in addition to crops, all people in the world are supposed to be able to get enough food. Then, why cant all people get enough food?We examine the causes of food inequality from the different perspective in the next section. However, what we emphasize here is that we think the population growth could also be one of the causes in the near future if the world population kept increasing. As shown in Food Policy by The Johns Hopkins University Press, the world population will soon be over 9 billion people, which means that the earths productivity will not be able to catch up with the increase in population. Therefore, people in t he world will soon face the fact that we run out of food.Then, we examine the food production in third section. Inadequate Food Distribution As we discussed in the last section, two books, Ending Hunger by the Hunger Project and Food Policy by The Johns Hopkins University Press, showed us that food inequality issue between developed countries and developing countries arises not from population growth but from in a defect in an appropriate food diffusion establishment. According to Food Policy, All people in the world could be supposed to be able to get enough food, when the all crops were distributed equally to all people around the world.However, when it comes to the supply of food, only people in developed countries, which are estimated 20% in the world, can always get more calories than they need. Moreover, crops are consumed not only by people but also by livestock such as cattle, chicken, which usually come to the markets for industrialized countries. As a result, people in d eveloped countries like us usually consume more than half of all crops in the world. It turns out that something may be wrong in the process of the food distribution. First, we attribute it to high food prices. As we learned in Prof.Montgomerys lectures, the energy and water insecurity made the food prices high because food, water, and energy are tightly connected to each other, so farmers need tons of energy and water to produce food. Moreover, Food Policy also described that due to the energy insecurity, more and more people in developed countries used crops in a different way today biofuels that are made by crops are one of the popular renewable energies in the world. However, to grow the crops, people also need to use more energy and water, which twists people into a downward spiral, and usually the victims are people in poor countries.On top of that, according to Ending Hunger, the high food price can be attributable to speculations. The author said, Crops have been getting th e attention as an object of speculation. Originally, more crops tend to go into the domestic market, and there are a few products being distributed in the international market. Under the circumstance, investors who were struggling down the stairs the financial crisis in 2008 had an eye on crops for speculation, which raised the food prices intensely.Thus, today under the capitalism, people rather reckon food as a product, so food has been distributed in a way that certain rich people can benefit. At the very last in Food Policy, we got a clue for solving food inequality an alter endemic food distribution system that can exist even under the capitalism. The authors have an eye on an idea of food redistribution. Food bank, a non-governmental organization that provides food to poor people for free, has been popular in many developed countries to help poor people within the nations.The authors expect that it will be exercised not by government, but by some entrepreneurs since there is a big challenge for governments in terms of fund and security, and that it will become a new business model in the future. In my opinion, however, it seems difficult that the model can be applied, crossing the boarders. In addition to the point of food distribution, we would like to mention the food production. Ending Hunger, the book we had read, said that although every country needs to try to keep their food self-sufficiently stable, its a big challenge for developing countries.There are sooner a few countries that rely on the imports from other countries to get crops for their principal diet. Its related to their history which they were forced to produce some products like cacao to export to industrialized countries in their colonial ages. They are vulnerable because of this monoculture structure which has been still existed when the food prices fluctuate. In the next section, we examine how to solve the monoculture structure issue. Losing Biodiversity In this section, we disc uss biodiversity, the problem between biodiversity and food security and the solution.First of all, Biodiversity is a term that is short for biological diversity. Currently, the great variety and richness of plant, some germ are said to be approximately 1. 7 million species in 2008. The human race literally relies on those plants and animals for clothing, shelter, medicines, and many other things, according to bolshy list of Threatened Species. However, 784 species have been officially recorded as extinct and more than 16,000 species contains approximately 12 percent of bird species, 23 percent of mammals, and 32 percent of amphibians as well as a large number of plant species.Even so, how does the problem connect with food security? Does the extinction of some species of plants lead to such a big problem? The answer seems to be affirmative the conflicts between agriculture and biodiversity would be possible. Presently, just three crops- rice, wheat, and maize- amount to about 60 per cent of the worlds food crops and 56 per cent of the protein people derive from plants. This means the stability of agriculture is easy to be stirred by climates, pests, diseases because there are no other different plants which would be durable to those stresses. As a result, a drought becomes more likely.In Bangladesh, for example, increasing HYV high yield varieties rice monoculture has decreased diversity, including nearly 7,000 traditional rice variation and many fish species. Ironically, the production of HYV rice per cent acre in 1986 dropped by 10 percent from 1972, in spite of a 300 per cent increase in agrochemical use per acre. (Thrupp 2000,p269) In India, by 1968, although, the so-called miracle HYV seed had replaced half of the native varieties, the expected production in many areas were not realized because those seeds need irrigated land with high inputs of fertilizer, which poor farmers cannot afford. Thrupp p269) North America like US is not also exemption. Of more than 7,000 apple varieties grown in the United States between 1804 and 1904, 86 per cent are no longer cultivated, and 88 per cent of 2,683 pear varieties are no longer available. (Thrupp p270). The main causes for the loss of agrodiversity are reliance on uniform plants and the heavy use of agrochemicals (often make lands barren), and institutions and companies from developed countries who gained patents of seeds and other contagious resources.In order to change this situation, a shift to sustainable agriculture requires changes in production methods, models and policies, as well as the full participation of local people. Example includes use of organic fertilizer, reduction of agrochemicals that destroy diverse rich soil, multiple cropping, eliminating subsidies and credit policies for uniform high-yield varieties. In addition, those developing countries which have plenty catching resources dont keep silent to their serious problem.In the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2010, those countries tried to negotiate with developed countries in order to create a protocol about making the access and payment of genetic resources a matter of international law for fair and genuine sharing of benefits (The Economist 2010) Conclusion As we discussed in this papers so far, we mostly attributed the food inequality problem to population growth, inadequate food distribution system, and losing biodiversity. However, the more we studied, the more we found that the food inequality problem was very complicated because there ere a lot of factors which were connected to each other and which lead to the problem. The solutions we figured out are that an alternative food distribution system, and a shift to sustainable agriculture requires changes in production methods, models and policies, as well as the full participation of local people. The right for accessing to food it is supposed to be exercised by all people in nature. We strongly hope that more and more poor people will get the access to food in the future, and in order to make it happen, we need to get back to an idea of cooperation at the end.References 1) J Price Gittinger Joanne Leslie Caroline Hoisington Economic Development Institute in Washington, D. C. (1987). Food policy integrating supply, distribution, and consumption. Baltimore Published for the World Bank by Johns Hopkins University Press 2) W Ladd Hollist F LaMond Tullis(1987) Pursuing food security strategies and obstacles in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Boulder L. Rienner Publishers 3) Debra A Millar(2008) Biodiversity Detroit Greenhaven Press.Thruoo L Ann (2000) Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security the value purpose of agrobiodiveristy for sustainable agriculture International affairs Vol. 76 Issue 2, p265, 17p, 4 Charts 4) Global Information and Early Warning System, 2011 Food Outlook November 2011. Available at http//www. fao. org/giews/english/fo/index. htm 5) The Economi st Online (2010) Pay up or die Protecting and profiting from the environment (21th Oct) The Economist Available at http//www. economist. com/blogs/newsbook/2010/10/protecting_and_profiting_environment

Learning Styles and the Most Preferred Teaching Methodology Among Sophomore Nursing Students

commandment appearances and the Most preferable Teaching Methodology among soph Nursing Students An Undergraduate Thesis Presented To the Faculty of the engraft of Nursing Far easterly University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Submitted By Fernandez, Marjorie S. Flaga, Arlene M. Flores, Con Adrianne E. Flores, Jethro S. Flores, Kim Sheri L. Flores, Nonnette Adrian L. Floro, Giselle Ann DR. Foronda, Djenina R. Francia, Lovie Jay A. Frany, Lizairie Q. Fulgentes, Ezra M. BSN 114 / collection 56 Submitted to Mr. Renante Dante Tan RN, existence September 2010 APPROVAL SHEETThe Thesis final ca exercise entitled attainment Styles and the Most Preferred Teaching Methodologies among intermediate Nursing Students Prep bed and submitted by Fernandez, Marjorie S. , Flaga, Arlene M. , Flores, Con Adrianne E. , Flores, Jethro S. , Flores, Kim Sheri L. , Flores, Nonnette Adrian L. , Floro, Giselle Ann DR. , Foronda, Djenina R. , Francia, Lovie Jay A. , Frany, Lizairie Q. , Fulgentes, Ezra M. In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor OF Science in Nursing, this interrogation proposal has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination. Renante Dante G. Tan question AdviserApproved by the committee in Oral Examination with a grade of Ma. Belinda Buenafe RN, Ph. D. Josefina Florendo RN, MAN Associate Dean contribute of Nursing Esther Salvador RN, MAN Accepted and approved for partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Glenda S. Arquiza RN, Ph. D. Dean Institute of Nursing ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The questi acers of root word 56 of Far Eastern University, BSN 114 Batch 2011 would like to ex hunt down our deep appreciation and sincerest gratitude to the come forthstanding people who made the think over possible.First and fore roughly we give conveys our ever loving God who was our strength during our weakne ss and our point when were out of sight. To our cooperative respondents and to their respective clinical instructors, we argon very grateful for their acceptance to make our enquiry possible. To our p atomic takings 18nts, that despite our busy schedule at school, we thank them for their immeasurable love, deep understanding and never closing support. We would also like to thank our fellow group mates and friends for understanding and exerting efforts that despite the pressure and conflicts, we remained intact and united in fulfilling this paper.We also like to thank Mr. Jay-el Viteno, for consulting us in our statistics that despite his busy schedule was able to make time and guide us in make and understanding our interrogation statistics. To our research adviser, Mr. Renante Dante G. Tan RN, MAN, for share-out with us his precious time and his guidance in service of change us to make this research work possible. We would also like to thank him for each(prenominal) the enc ouragement and for his immeasurable faith and support in this work. To our respective panelists, Josefina Florendo RN,MAN, Esther Salvador RN, MAN and Dr.Ma. Belinda Buenafe of the Institute of Nursing, for letting us spread our wings and believing in us to a greater extent(prenominal) than than we do. With this, we would like to dedicate our goaled manuscript to on the whole the people who became part of our journey. ABSTRACT Objective To recover the necessitate carriages of the sopho much treat pupils in Far Eastern University and their most favored commandment mannerology in footing of didactics and in expertnesss. Methods This involve was conducted at Far Eastern University during the menstruum from Noember 2009 to September 2010.The total population of the sophomores were 630, by center of Slovens enactment, we were able to shape up up with 245 students as the sample. The detailor handlingd by the detectives has deuce parts. The foremost part was the Kolbs Learning Style Inventory which was physical exercised to determine the knowledge dash of the respondents while the second part which was a self-made instrument validated by ternary experts was use to determine their most preferred didactics methodology. Results Majority of the respondents belong to Divergers which has a frequency of 81 out of the 245 respondents, 58 were accomodators, 57 were assimilators and 49 were convergers.Based on the moldings, on that point was a signifi arouset difference amongst the reading expressions of the sophomore nursing students. The researchers also came up with the head that all of the four eruditeness geniuss comport a common teaching methodology which was demonstration. In terms of didactics, accomodators and convergers preferred pure lecture/discussion without part point with a percentage of 27. 6 and 32. 7, respectively. Divergers and assimilators preferred pure lecture/discussion with the use of power point with a percen tage of 23. 7 and 17. 2, respectively.decisiveness The turn outs showed that there was a significant descent amid the acquisition vogues of the sophomore nursing students and their most preferred teaching methodology TABLE OF CONTENTS statute title i Approval Sheet ii Ack straightledgement iii Abstract iv Table of Contents vi List of Tables viii List of Figures ixChapter IIntroduction Background of the Study 1 Statement of the Problem 2 Significance of the Study 3 Scope and Limitation 5 Chapter IITheoretical Framework Re berth of think Literature 6 Research Paradigm 27 Research Hypothesis 28 The Main Variable of the Study 28 Definition of Terms 29Chapter IIIResearch Methodology Research Design 33 commonwealth and Sample 33 Research Locale 34 Research Instruments 35 Validation of the Instruments 36 information Collection map 36 Statistical Treatment of Data 37 Chapter IVResults and Discussion 40Chapter VSummary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary of Fin dings 57 Conclusions 58 Recommendations 58 Bibliography 59 Books Journals Web station Appendices A. Letter to the Dean 60 B. Kolbs Learning Style Inventory 61 C.Learning Style Grid 63 D. Population of the Sophomore Nursing students include in the cartoon per section. 64 E. Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students 65 F. Learning Styles of Sophomore Nursing Students Of Sophomore Nursing Students per section in terms of didactics 66 G. Learning Styles and the Preferred Teaching Methodology Of SophomoreNursing Students per section in terms of skills 72 H. Curriculum Vitae 78List of Tables 1. frequence Distri exception & parcel of the 6 sections included in the study 34 2. Frequency & Percentage distribution of the 245 respondents as to their distinguishable cultivation styles 41 3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of preferred teaching methodology of Sophomore Nursing Students as per skill style in terms of Didactics 43 4. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Prefe rred Teaching Methodologies of Sophomore Nursing Students as per Learning Style in terms of Skills 46 5. khi- tangible Goodness of fit for the difference of the different learning styles 49 6.Chi Square Test of Independence for the significant alliance of Learning Styles of sophomore nursing students and their most preferred teaching methodologies in terms of didactics50 7. Chi Square Test of Independence for the significant kindred of Learning Styles of sophomore nursing students and their most preferred teaching methodologyin terms of skills52 List of Figures 1. Research Paradigm27 2. Learning Style Grid 63 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Students meet different feeler in learning and these what makes them unique.Thus, understanding on how they learn and helping them to learn is vital in any educational program. This can be especially important for students since they may have different charges on how to learn. whatever students prefer to learn by group w ork while some would prefer learning wholly, some also learn while listening to medical specialty while some students learn strongly by perusal silently. Furthermore, some students learn by loving into activities yet some learn by poster provided. These different learning techniques affect the students especially their coping mechanisms in terms of learning.In high school, teachers tend to spoon-feed their students while in college, professors are different, for the reason that they seldom discuss to the students the entire case or lesson. Instead, they only discuss the important melodic themes and would encourage the students to read more and study harder. On the different hand, there are so many teaching methodologies that can be used to enhance effectively a students learning capabilities. Some focuses on learning skills while others are more on enhancing knowledge. In Far Eastern University, contingently in the Institute of Nursing, a exceptional payoff is usually divided into different concepts.Each concept is taught by special(prenominal) professor who has mastery over the concept. These professors use different teaching methodology in educating the students. Some sticks to only one methodology, while others use different teaching methodologies. Some of the most commonly used teaching methodologies are Lecture w/ powerpoint and role contend in didactics and demonstration in skills. In the study conducted by Hauer, Straub and Wolf (2005), nursing students were identified as having a learning style preference among that of a diverger and an assimilator. concord to the study conducted by Elliot (2003) about the preferred teaching methodologies of nursing students, most students preferred look studies and group discussion/activities. The apparent motion now rises, with the advent of technological advancement such as CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) and virtual laboratory, can trip study and group discussion still be the most preferred tea ching methodology among nursing students? Statement of the problem This study aimed to determine the relationship among learning styles of sophomore nursing students of Far Eastern University and their most preferred teaching methodology.Specifically, it sought to retort the following questions 1. What is the learning style of Sophomore nursing students? a. Convergers b. Divergers c. Assimilators d. Accommodators 2. What is the most preferred teaching methodology of sophomore nursing students as to their learning styles in terms of a. Didactics b. Skills 3. Is there a significant difference among the different learning styles of sophomore nursing students? 4. Is there a significant relationship in the learning styles of sophomore nursing students when grouped according to their most preferred teaching methodology in terms of I. Didactics II. SkillsSignificance of the study The different learning styles of every student in the present time have a great impact on their academic perfo rmance. Everyone use different learning style to improve their own knowledge, some may be good in studying while listening to music, some students like to study alone in the four corners of their room, and some students learn easily if they are at bottom a group study session. The researchers chose this topic because they want to challenge themselves to be more aware on how the students learn and grow in their own way and to know how the students learn and strike knowledge. Nursing PracticeThe study would be stabilizing in guiding students with identifying their learning style as early as their second year in the institute of nursing. Therefore, having a good learning style that would determine their most preferred teaching methodology could help them learn more effectively thus enhancing their knowledge. Having more knowledge could enable the students to be more proficient in the nursing practice. Nursing Administration The study provided awareness about the learning styles and the preferred teaching methodologies of sophomore nursing students, thus better-looking insights about the films of the students as they learn.This study might also provide ideas on how to improve the education system for the benefit of the students. Nursing Education The result of this study should give nursing educators ideas on what specific teaching methodology to be used base on the students learning style. Furthermore, the nursing educator would have an insight as to what teaching methodology is best suited for the student providing a more student-centered teaching method that would aid the student to learn more effectively. Nursing ResearchThe study of different learning styles of the students might contribute to nursing research finished developing trusdeucerthy evidence about issues of impressiveness to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration and informatics. It made the study more significant in present time because through resea rching, the researchers might prove that the learning style/strategies might have advantage and disadvantage in studying. The importance of research in nursing is that because of broad support for evidenced base nursing practice, research has assumed heightened importance for nurses.Research finding from rigorous studies provide especially strong evidence for informing nurses decisions and actions. Nurses are accepting the need to the base specific nursing actions are clinically appropriate, cost effective, and result positive outcomes for clients. Scope and limitation The study focused on determining the relationship between the different learning styles and the most preferred teaching methodology of sophomore nursing students of the Far Eastern University during the first semester of school year 2010.The researcher used a descriptive correlational design. 245 sophomore nursing students were selected through purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted at Far Eastern Unive rsity on July 17, 2010. The study did not include factors that may affect the result of the study such age and gender of the respondents as soundly as whether they really wanted to be in the nursing profession. Furthermore, the respondents level of stress and grades were also not included in the study. CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Learning check to Eric Kandel (2000) Learning is the process by which we acquire knowledge about the world. Learning is the process in which a person consciously takes their self farther forward from ignorance. Ignorance is the lack of knowledge, the in cap top executive to understand something without guidance from an outside force. Ignorance can also be the allow forful act of not learning. ( Lindsea 2008 ) Learning Styles The publications basically predicts that there is wide acceptance of the concept of learning styles however, there is disagreement on how to best measure learning styles (Coffield, et. al. , 2004).While the learning profession has long accepted the need for innovative instructional activities that relate to the diverse learning styles of learners, there is some question as to right how meaningful they are to the learning environment. That is, most researchers agree that people do have motley learning styles and preferences, however, research tends to agree that it is relative unimportant as it is far more important to match the presentation with the nature of the offspring, such as providing correct learning methods, strategies, and context than matching mortal preferences (Coffield, 2004).Perhaps David Merrill (2000) has the best philosophy for exploitation learning styles instructional strategies should first be determined on the basis of the type of meat to be taught or the goals of the instruction (the content-by- scheme interactions) and secondarily, learner styles and preferences are then used to coif or fine-tune these fundamental learning strategies. Finally, content-by-strategy interact ions take precedence over learning-style-by-strategy interactions regardless of the instructional style or philosophy of the instructional situation.According to Rayner (2001) and Coffield (2001), the idea of a individualized style in learning has clearly spread across the globe during the last decade to occupy a prominent repoint in professional discussion about learning and teaching. This means that the learning style of an individual matters in learning and also it affects teaching. Recent work by Burnett (2005) Cheminais (2002) and Reid (2005) identify that the different styles in learning serve as an important component in inclusive learning and teaching in the schoolroom.Indeed, Cheminais (2002) suggested that to be an effective and successful teacher, they should (a) show respect for pupils individual learning styles and differences, (b) be responsive to pupils different learning styles, (c)use different levels of tasks and activities. Smith (2001) has stated that there ar e two methods related to grasp find out and these two are the Concrete Experience (CE) and Abstract Conceptualization (AC).In addition, he also suggested two methods in transforming grow and these are Reflective Observation (RO) and Active Experimentation (AE). These four modes are all engaged in the ideal learning process and must be incorporated together to have an effective learning based on Kolbs Learning Theory. Individuals are likely to develop or use one-grasping experience approach and one experience-transforming approach. The combination of these two preferred approaches is the individuals learning style (Smith, 2001).These learning styles are the following converger, diverger, assimilator, and accommodator. Converger Convergers excel in making practical applications of ideas and in using deductive reasoning to solve problems. They use Active experimentation and abstract conceptualization as their approaches in transforming experience and grasping experience, respectivel y (Smith, 2001). They learn from thinking (Chiya, 2003). Diverger Divergers are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and ruminative ceremony ( watching).They use imagination and see things in different points of view (Smith, 2001). They are learning from feeling (Chiya, 2003). Assimilator If convergers use deductive reasoning, assimilators on the other hand use inductive reasoning in creating theoretical models. They employ abstract conceptualization and reflective observation as their preferred approaches (Smith, 2001). They learn from watching and listening (Chiya, 2003) AccommodatorAccommodators are good in actively engaging with the world and actually doing things or else than merely reading about and studying them. They are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and active experimentation (doing) (Smith, 2001). They learn from doing (Chiya, 2003). The more learning styles learners use as their major learning styles, the more flexible and successful the lea rners are. If students use limited learning styles as their preference, it is more contend for them to arrange to teachers teaching styles (Chiya, 2003).An interpretation was amended & revised by Alan Chapman (March 2006), based on Kolbs Learning Styles which explains that different people naturally prefer a authentic single different learning style. Various factors influence a persons preferred style notably in his experiential learning guess model (ELT) Kolb define three stages of a persons maturement, and suggests that the propensity to reconcile and successfully integrate the four different learning styles improves as people mature through their development stages.The development stages that Kolb identified are (a) Acquisition birth to adolescence development of basic abilities and cognitive structures, (b) Specialization schooling, early work and personal experiences of adulthood the development of a particular specialized learning style shaped by social, educational, and organizational socialization, (c) Integration mid-career through to later life expression of non-dominant learning style in work and personal life.Whatever influences the choice of style, the learning style preference itself is actually the product of two pairs of variables, or two separate choices that peole make, which Kolb presented as lines of axis, each with conflicting modes at all end Concrete Experience CE (feeling) VAbstract Conceptualization AC (thinking) Active Experimentation AE (doing) V Reflective Observation RO (watching) Felder & Spurlin (2005) try to salve the potential drop misuse of learning styles by pointing out that (a) Learning style dimensions are scales, mild, moderate or extreme tendencies can be exhibited, (b) Learning style profiles are indicative of tendencies and individuals at one time or another will exhibit tendencies of the opposing characteristic, (c) Learning style preferences do not indicate a learners strengths and weaknesses, only the preferred activity, (d) Learning style preferences may be subject to a learners educational experience and comfort. Teaching Methodology Motivating students is a simple matter of rewards, gimmicks, and games. Students respond to teachers who can inspire while they teach. Creativity is essential. (Craft, 2010) According to Chiya (2003), students learning can be sometimes hindered by the gap between the students learning styles and the teachers teaching styles, and also the lack of instruction on learning strategies.Bridging this gap can only be achieved when the professors are aware of their students needs, capacities, potentials and most importantly, their learning styles (Rao, 2002). Discussion Lecture based format is the traditional passive way of learning. It involves situations where material is delivered to students. Recent studies show the effectiveness of active learning methods. A resemblance of lecture combined with discussion versus active, cooperative learning metho ds by Morgan, Whorton, & Gunsalus (2000) demonstrated that the use of the lecture combined with discussion resulted in superior retention of material among students. The findings of a study by de Caprariis, Barman, & Magee (2001) suggest that lecture leads to the ability to recall facts, but discussion leavens higher level comprehension.Further, research on group-oriented discussion methods has shown that police squad learning and student-led discussions not only produce favorable student performance outcomes, but also foster greater exponentiation, self confidence and leadership ability (Perkins & Saris, 2001 Yoder & Hochevar, 2005). In considering an adapted practice model, substantial research highlights the usefulness of work-based mentorship and supervision as part of effective training strategies. Studies claim the one-to-one supervisory relationship was the most important element in clinical instruction (Saarikoski and Leino-Kilpi, 2002). Mentorship also facilitates learni ng opportunities, and supervises and assesses staff in the practice setting.Terminology frequently used to delimit a mentor includes teacher, supporter, coach, facilitator, assessor, role model and supervisor (Hughes, 2004 Chow and Suen, 2001). This is supported by models advocating self-directed, evidence-based and problem-based learning. Demonstration According to Rosen, Salas, and Upshaw (2007, p. 6) demonstrations are often conceived of simply as an spokesperson of task performance however, demonstrations are rightfully thought of as experiences where learners are prompted to actively process the developmental content of the example and to systematically and reliably acquire targeted KSAs and transfer them to the work environment.They define demonstration as a strategically crafted, dynamic example of partial or whole task performance or of characteristics of the task environment intended to increase the learners performance by illustrating (with modeling, simulation, or any visualization approach) the enactment of knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) targeted for skill acquirement. Demonstrations vary in terms of schoolingal and physical characteristics (e. g. , content, form of presentation). Demonstrations also vary in terms of the activities that the learner engages in prior to, during and after observing the example of task performance. According to Fisher & Frey (2008), students need to be aware of the thinking process of the teacher. Demonstration uses a combination of verbal and visual elements to accomplish a task, skill, or strategy (Fisher & Frey, 2008).The demonstration includes the sequence of steps and the decisions that accompany each step so the next step makes sense. Errors to avoid are also noted to accomplish the task, skill or strategy (Fisher & Frey, 2008). After demonstrating the skill or strategy students can be led to know how and when to use their new skills. They can self-assess and evaluate the approaches they use to conn ect the learning to the next new skill that they learn. They canbegin to travel on the road to self-directed learning. Teachers who have a demonstrator or personal model teaching style tend to run teacher-centred classes with an emphasis on demonstration and modeling(School of Educators, 2010). This will help the students develops and apply skills and knowledge.According to the School of Educators (2010), a teacher with this type of teaching style might comment I show my students how to properly do a task or work through a problem and then Ill help them master the task or problem solution. Its important that my students can independently solve similar problems by using and adapting demonstrated methods. This teaching style may help an instructor or a teacher to encourage student participation and adapting their presentation to include various learning styles. Students are expected to take some responsibility for learning what they need to know and for asking for help when they dont understand something. As lectures, they should aim for meaningful learning through active processes, not passive transmission of facts (Michael, 2001).Students have different preferred learning styles, experiences, background knowledge, and interests, therefore, according to Michael (2001) that we must use a contour of teaching strategies to maximize student learning. One such teaching strategy involves the use of interactive classroom demonstration. Student work cooperatively to extend to meaningful learning of sometimes difficult neural concepts and at the time have fun with the subject (Michael, J. , 2001). Online Terrell Dringus (2000) investigated the effect of learning style on student success in an online learning environment and concluded that institutions offering online education programs should give consideration to the different learning styles of their students.According to Farmer (2006) online learning systems have forced teachers and learners to focus on discussio n boards and shared communication spaces rather than on the individuals who are taking part in them. Online discussion is group-centred. It counters the greatest use of LMS (learning management systems) which is to post content online. It is the primary mode of online interaction for constructivist learning learning based on interpretation and construction of the world rather than reflecting an foreign reality (Malinowski et al 2006). Reflection and even negotiationue are greatly limited in most campus based classrooms, online learning may in fact have an advantage in supporting collaboration and creating a sense of community.An online learning environment reflects a group- centered interaction pattern versus an authority-centered pattern of a face-to-face environment. (Garrison 2006). Pelz (2004) stated that learning does not occur spontaneously among a group of students, whether the setting is face to face or online. Online discussion requires structure just as in a face-to-fa ce setting. In essence, online discussions provide a vehicle where knowledge is facilitated by participants interacting cooperatively with others (critical thinking), to accomplish shared learning goals (social interdependency) curiously when the learning task focuses upon the solution of real-life problems (constructivist learning) (Williams Wache 2005).E-learning will take the form of complete courses, access to content for just-in-time learning, access to components, a la carte courses and services, and the separation of courses to acquire and test knowledge vs. content as an immediate, applicable resource to resolve an immediate, perhaps, one time only problem. Learning is and will continue to be a lifelong process, that could be accessed anywhere at anytime to meet a specific need or want. star sign added that more links to real-time data and research would become readily available. Given the progression of the definitions, then, web-based training, online learning, e-learn ing, distributed learning, internet-based learning and net-based learning all speak of each other (Hall Snider, 2000 Urdan Weggen, 2000).Reverting to Halls (2000) contention of e-learning in all-inclusive form, distance learning as plotted interactive courses, as the acquisition of knowledge and skills at a distance through various technological mediums would seem to be one of e-learning possible disguises. Interestingly, Urdan Weggen (2000) saw e-learning as a subset of distance learning, online learning a subset of e-learning and computer-based learning as a subset of online learning. Given the review of definitions on all these terms subset does not appear to be the most likely word to describe the relationship among these words and their forms. The definitions show a great depth of interdependence among themselves.While one person may narrowly define a term, another person could give it the all encompass power. This communicates that e-learning, if given the all encompassin g form, can be the larger circle of which all other terms would be overlapping at different times and extents given their users intention. Another rationale for this choice is that just-in-time learning is a major advantage of e-learning but not of distance learning. Distance learning purports planned courses, or planned experiences. E-learning does not only value planned learning but also recognizes the value of the unplanned and the self-directedness of the learner to maximize incidental learning to improve performance. equivalent also to e-learning and its related terms is technology-based learning (Urdan Weggen 2000). Urdan Weggen shared that e-learning covers a wide set of applications and processes, including computer-based learning, web-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital collaborations. For the plan of their report, they further customized their definition to the delivery of content via all electronic media, including the Internet, intranets, extranets, satell ite broadcast, audio/video tape, interactive TV, and CD-ROM. They warned, however, that e-learning is defined more narrowly than distance learning, which would include text-based learning and courses conducted via written correspondence.Like Hall Snider 2000), Urdan Weggen (2000) have set apart distance learning and e-learning in their glossaries, making, however, e-learning inclusive and synonymous to all computer-related applications, tools and processes that have been strategically aligned to value-added learning and teaching processes. E-learning is the acquisition and use of knowledge distributed and facilitated primarily by electronic means. This form of learning currently depends on networks and computers but will likely evolve into systems consisting of a variety of channels (e. g. , wireless, satellite), and technologies (e. g. , cellular phones, PDAs) as they are developed and adopted.E-learning can take the form of courses as well as modules and smaller learning objects . E-learning may incorporate synchronous or asynchronous access and may be distributed geographically with varied limits of time. Group work (Brainstorming) According to the study of White et al (2005), group work was by and large a positive experience for pharmacology and IT students. However, there were also 25% of the 126 respondents who responded to the open-ended questions with negative comments. These comments were the need for objective individual marks, avenues to decrease loafers, bias among friends in peer evaluations and concerns with confidentiality and anonymity with peer evaluation.The researchers here concluded that attitudes towards group work are probably negatively affected by group assessment and may be improved to some extent by using peer evaluation. Research proves that group work experience was generally positive for students across the different disciplines. They saw group work as a tool to develop life-long and generic skills in influencing and persuading, negotiating and team-building (Maiden, 2004). According to him, this method group work promotes the development of the said skills. A research study of Reid et al (2005) showed that some students see group work as an undertaking that must be completed well.On the other hand, others see it as a tool for them that would help them advance their individual and collective knowledge. In additional, the approach that students take to their learning depends on the particular conceptions of the task at hand. According to Petrowski et al (2000), group work and creativity has begun in the 1950s and that until now, it is still debatable whether creativity is within a person, as a product or a process. Oral Recitation(Question and answer) Questioning students not only allows the teacher to evaluate the level of understanding but also provides for feedback, fine tuning the levels of teaching, dealing with misconceptions early, as well as improving the educational material presented.Perhaps one of the most key thoughts beyond all the information supra is very simple. Teaching is learning. To teach is to learn. Good teachers learn and adapt to their students, and expand or refine their teaching material as they learn about themselves as well. According to Jennifer Evans (2010), Oral recitation is the practice of having an entire class recite important facts, identifications, definitions, and procedures within the instruction and later when they need to be revisited. This method proves quite beneficial to students when acted out frequently in the classroom, though the time for each session should be kept rather short, not exceeding two and one-half minutes.Hearing it said aloud by their own mouths results in a higher level of confidence in the subject matter, while also ensuring that they fully understand a topic that requirescritical thinking. By engaging them in the learning process rather than just instructing, students will become far more interested in their education u ntil theyre just itching for more knowledge. Also, the level of seriousness is kept to the maximum when students come to realize that this specific topic is vital enough for the entire class to recruit in at once, further ensuring remembrance. This process of learning should not be set aside for the classroom alone, however students of all ages, from elementary school to college, can use this tool to retain any form of information ranging in levels of difficulty.Its advisable for students currently in their higher learning stages to just sit in a quiet room by themselves and recite whatever facts or definitions they may need aloud. First, they can start by reading straight out of their notes or textbook, allowing themselves to both see the words on the summon while reading them out loud. Then, they can progress to the true test by verbally reciting without their paper. This should be repeated a number of times forrader the day of the test, allowing themselves weeks of prep time h owever, once again it is imperative to not put too untold strain on the subject. The more difficult the subject is, the more important it is fora student to be able to recall it at the tip of a hat.Treating information in a more advanced way allows this to happen, as the mind will, too, treat the information will sucha high level of care. This method also incorporates the social time all young people need to truly becoming comfortable in their environment. Bitchener Watanabe (2008), the part of the exchange does not reflect what is characteristic of realistic communication (you do not usually correct what other people say when they are talking), the fact that student turned her attention to form in this precise wink has important implications for language learning, for it is an act of noticing a language item and how it should work.It is this aspect that helps us decide what to say (meaning) and how to say it, (form) depending on the situation in which we find ourselves and depen ding on what was said before by us and the other participants of the conversation. Although this process is mostly and best carried out unconsciously, meaningful use of language will inescapably imply the establishment of relevant form-meaning mappings (van den Branden, 2006). Powerpoint PowerPoint is best used when students are expected to retain complex graphics, animation, and figures. For alphanumeric information (e. g. text and numbers) Powerpoint as well as traditional presentations can be used.According to Shock (2008), if students are expected to retain information and/or concepts that are best conveyed through dialog or verbal explanation,traditional presentationsappear to be best. This type of information should not be shared verbally in the presence of PowerPoint, because people tend to focus on that what is presented on the slides as opposed to what is verbalized. If students are expected to retain simple graphs and alphanumeric information that is verbalized and displa yed visually, either presentation style is acceptable. Educational technologies are most effective when used properly. According to Savoy et al (2009), the intelligent use of educational technologies can be defined with three components (1) How people learn (cognitive component)? 2) How can the learning experience be facilitated (instruction component)? (3) How can technology be used to improve instruction and learning (technology component)? Over the days there has been research to support the three components as individual entities and collectively as the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. The third component has received much attention as researchers try to evaluate the effectiveness of new educational technologies, particularly PowerPoint. Case Presentation It is now documented that students can learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process (Bonwell and Eison, 1991 Sivan et al, 2001).The case study approach is one way in which such active learning strategies can be implemented in our institutions. There are a number of definitions for the term case study. For example, Fry et al (1999) describe case studies as complex examples which give an insight into the context of a problem as well as illustrating the main point. Davis and Wilcock defined case studies as student centred activities based on topics that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting. This definition of a case study covers the variety of different teaching structures used, ranging from short individual case studies to longer group-based activities.According to Onishi (2008) in most clinical teaching settings, case presentation is the most frequently used teaching and learning activity. From an educational viewpoint, the two important roles of case presentations are the presenters reflective opportunity and the clinician educators clues to diagnose the presenter. When a presenter prepares for a case presentation, he/she has to organize all the informat ion undisturbed from a patient. The presenter sometimes does not recall what to ask or to examine with relation to pertinent differential diagnoses while seeing a patient, and subsequently he/she might note that more information should have been collected.He/she is able to note the processes by reflection-on-action and improve the processes the next time. Such a reflective process is the most important role of case conference for a presenter. According to Shochet, Cayea, Levine and Wright (2007), case presentation is a time-honored tradition in clinical medicine. Expert analysis of patient cases has been the stimulus for significant discovery and advances in clinical medicine. All clinical educators encounter memorable cases in their teaching roles. The case presentation can also be used by educators as a means to more deeply appreciate unique or challenging learner experiences, and by doing so, enhance teaching expertise.Dissemination of these cases may lead to discoveries and ad vances in the practice of medical education. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) The advantages of video conferencing by using closed circuit television in educational institutions are well documented. Scholarly literature has indicated that videoconferencing technology reduces time and costs between remote locations, fill gaps in teaching services, increases training productivity, enables meetings that would not be possible due to prohibitive travel costs, and improves access to learning (Martin, 2005 Rose, Furner, Hall, Montgomery, Katsavras, Clarke, 2000 Townes-Young Ewing, 2005 West, 1999). piece Playing case playing is a methodology derived from sociodrama that may be used to help students understand the more subtle aspects of literature, social studies, and even some aspects of science or mathematics. Further, it can help them become more interested and involved, not only learning about the material, but learning also to integrate the knowledge in action, by addressing problem s, exploring alternatives, and seeking novel and creative solutions. According to Blatner (2008), role playing is the best way to develop the skills of initiative, communication, problem-solving, self-awareness, and working cooperatively in teams, and these are above allcertainly above the learning of mere facts, many if not most of which will be obsolete or irrelevant in a few yearswill help these young people e ready for dealing with the challenges of the Twenty-First Century. According to Pollock et al (2006), learning to participate is an important skill for humanities and social sciences students to learn in todays multi-stakeholder world. The role play method develops a greater understanding of the complexity of professional practice and enables students to develop skills to engage in multi-stakeholder negotiations within the controlled environment of the classroom. Role play in the classroom can be implemented in a number of ways. It can involve online elements as well as f ace-to-face interactions. The length of the process can also vary according to the aims of the activity.This guide will outline role play techniques found to be most useful for the social science classroom at a tertiary level. Role play in the classroom involves students actively in the learning process by enabling them to act as stakeholders in an imagined or real scenario. It is a technique that complements the traditional lecture and assignment format of tertiary level social science learning. In a role play, the teacher selects a particular event or situation that illuminates key theories or may be of importance to the topic of study. Students are given detailed background readings and assigned stakeholder roles as preparation. The format of interaction between stakeholders can be varied and may depend on time or resources available.The role play is concluded with a de outlineing or reflection stage which reinforces the concepts introduced by the role play. Video Presentation Ba ssili (2006) conducted a study of college freshmen in a psychology course in order to determine whether they preferred face-to-face or streamed-video lecture delivery as a learning aid. He found that a majority of the students preferred the online video lectures. These findings imply that videotaped content, far from being a less effective vehicle for instruction, might actually increase learner motivation and interest in course material. Other articles outline the advantages of taping learner performances and asking students to watch and reflect upon these recordings.For example, some scholars have found that using videos as reflective diaries can promote critical thinking and reflection and thereby enhance learning development. Researchers have found that making reflective videos can benefit both teachers (Barton and Haydn 2006 Gebhard 2005) and students (Triggs and fanny 2004). Levy and Kennedy (2004) found evidence for this assertion within the specific context of the language l earning classroom. They used computer video capture to record students behavior during their audio conferencing study of Italian as a foreign language. The researchers found that these recordings became an effective tool for assisting students in visualizing and subsequently correcting their errors.Several other articles have discussed the potential impact of using videos in foreign language study. Herron, Cole, and Corrie (2000), for example, offer evidence that showing videos in the classroom allows instructors to expose language learners to authentic ethnical information. Moreover, research suggests that Internet-based audiovisual resources can be effective language learning tools. Hanson-Smith (2004) describes the pedagogical benefits of using online videos as in-class learning resources. In addition, she lauds the fact that the Internet is change magnitude access to professional audiovisual resources that are free, authentic, and suitable for language learning development.Fina lly, many scholars have noted the benefits of implementing a video production component in language classes. For example, at the college level, Katchen, Morris, and Savova (2005) have explored the supposition of using video production to engage language learners, asking students to produce vocabulary-focused videos. They contend that the benefit of their approach is twofold. First, it allows students to produce videos using grammatical forms and lexical items that are relevant to them, increasing the chance that these forms and terms will be retained. Second, it facilitates the creation of learning resources for future students. Association of learning styles to teaching methodologyIn the study conducted by Csapo & Hayen (2006), it states that a mismatch between the learning style of faculty and students has been shown to increase the disparitybetween how faculty teaches and how students learn. This mismatch results in an ineffective learningprocess in the classroom. The notion tha t allcognitive skills are identical at the collegiate level orin different training programs smacks of arroganceand elitism by either sanctioning one groups style oflearning while discrediting the styles of others orignoring individual differences altogether Teachers did differ in their teaching styles and the results suggest an association between teaching styles and learning stylesBased on the study of Chiya (2003), divergers are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and reflective observation (watching) while assimilators utilized abstract conceptualization (thinking) and reflective observation (watching). It was obvious that divergers and assimilators both learn through reflective observation or through watching. According to Evans (2004), these differences in teaching styles may also have an impact on areas such as classroom arrangements, the organization and assessment of activities, teacher interactions with students and academically approaches, such as the use of qu estioning (Evans, 2004). Evans (2004) also stated that several teachers of today are looking at how to shift their lessons to meet new education purposes.However, discussions are still more teacher-centered than student-centered in some classrooms meaning, the lessons are still based on the preferences of the teacher rather than the students. The following information are synthesize from different local and foreign related literatures and studies Learning style is unique in every individual. Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge. As we know, individuals are unique. Each in every one of us is different and so also our learning styles. Learning styles are the approach on how an individual grasp knowledge. There are four types of learning style Converger, Diverger, Assimilator, and Accomodator.Each type of learning style is different in terms of the way they acquire knowledge. Convergers or Type I learners excel in making practical applications of ideas and in using deductive reasoning to solve problems. They use Active experimentation (doing) and abstract conceptualization (thinking) as their approaches in transforming experience and grasping experience, respectively. They learn from thinking. Divergers or Type II learners are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and reflective observation (watching). They use imagination and see things in different points of view. They are learning from feeling. Assimilators or Type III learners on the other hand use inductive reasoning in creating theoretical models.They utilized abstract conceptualization (thinking) and reflective observation (watching) as their preferred approaches. They learn from watching and listening. Accomodators or Type IV learners are good in actively engaging with the world and actually doing things rather than merely reading about and studying them. They are characterized by concrete experience (feeling) and active experimentation (doing). They learn from doing. Teaching on the ot her hand, is the process of giving out information. Teaching is the means of providing knowledge to individuals. Same as learning styles, teaching methodologies are also unique for every teacher or instructor. Most instructors tend to stick with a specific teaching methodology.Teaching methodology has a great impact on the students. In association to learning styles, the preferred teaching methodologies. The review of the literature indicated howimportant understanding learning styles and the role of learning styles in the teaching/learning process was for effective teaching. Research Paradigm (Kolb diagrams updated May 2006) Most Preferred teaching methodology in terms of A. Didactics B. Skills Shown in the figure above was a typical presentation of Kolbs to continuum the east-west called the Processing Continuum (how we approach a task), and the north-south axis is called the erudition Continuum (our emotional response, or how we think or feel about it. ).These learning styles are the combination of two lines of axis (continuums) each formed between what Kolb calls dialectically related modes of grasping experience (doing or watching), and transforming experience (feeling or thinking). An individual internally decide whether he/she wish todoorwatch, andat the homogeneous timedecide whether tothinkorfeel. The result of these two decisions produces and helps to form their learning style. The individual chooses a way of grasping the experience, which defines his/her approach to it, and chooses a way to transform the experience into something meaningful and usable, which defines the emotional response to the experience.Having knowledge about the learning styles, the appropriate teaching methodology in terms of didactics and skills for a specific learning style can be determined and can be used for effective learning. Research Hypothesis On the basis of the questions proposed in this study the following hypotheses was tested a. There is no significant differe nce between the learning styles of sophomore nursing students. b. There is no significant relationship on the different learning style between skills and didactics. The main variables of the study The different learning styles were the independent variable and the dependent variable was the most preferred teaching methodologies of sophomore nursing students in terms of didactics and skills. Definition of terms Conceptual definition Learning Styles various approaches or ways of learningAccommodator a person who is willing to adapt oneself to other peoples convenience. Assimilator a person who responds to new situations in conformity with what is already available to consciousness. Converger one who has special ability in answering rational, unimaginative questions. Diverger one who is capable of thinking imaginatively beyond the ordinary. Teaching Methodology the types of principles and methods used for instruction. Didactics teaching methodthat follows a consistent scientific approach. Lecture discussion -an informative talk given as before an audience or class and usually prepared beforehand. Recitation a written matter that is recited from memory.Power point presentation The presentation is a collection of individual slides that contain information on a topic. Case presentation refers to the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. Brainstorming- Brainstorming is an free-and-easy way of generating topics to write about, or points to make about your topic. Students should simply open their minds to whatever pops into them. E-learning the delivery of a learning, training or education program by electronic means. E-learning involves the use of a computer or electronic device in some way to provide training, educational or learning material. Group work a ethod, used by professional social workers, of aiding a group or members of a grou p toward individual adjustment and increased participation in community activity by exploiting the mechanisms of group life. Reporting- to relate or tell about present. Role playing refers to the changing of ones behaviour to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role. Skills teaching the learnedcapacity to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay oftime,energy, or both. Demonstration the act of proving by the syllogistic process, or the proof itself. An exhibition proof especially, proof beyond the possibility of doubt indubitable evidence, to the senses or reason.Video presentation A video clip is a small section of a larger video presentation. A series of video frames are run in succession to produce a short, animated video. This compilation of video clips results in a video presentation. operable Definition Learning Styles the method by which an individual acquire knowledge. Accommodator they tend to get information by themselves they can easily adapt to emergent changes. Assimilator individuals who learn by thinking through ideas they need certain evidences before making judgments. Converger individuals who learn though practical application. Diverger is an individual who learns through observation they love to listen and share ideas.Teaching Methodologies the strategies employed in teaching. Didactics are teaching methods used in the classroom setting. Lecture discussion giving information on a group of people or a class usually to educate. Recitation giving an answer on a given question using what is previously learned. Power point presentation the presentation of a slide show made up of slides containing information on a topic commonly used in giving information about a concept. Case presentation a case specific presentation of data and information gathered from an individual or group of people. Brainstorming a method of sharing ideas by throwing in whatev er pops out of their mind about a certain subject matter.E-learning method of imparting knowledge through the use of modern electronic devices or softwares. Group work a method of sharing ideas and combining said ideas to form a unified body of information more commonly used by students. Reporting- presenting a detailed but brief information about a subject. Role playing adopting and acting out the role or personality of someone else. Skills a method of teaching the ability to develop a procedure repeatedly. Demonstration a method of imparting knowledge by showing how something is being done. Video presentation the use of put down video or a series of video clips to impart knowledge on a certain subject matter. CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research design This study used descriptive correlational study as the research design. According to Polit and Beck (2008), descriptive research is the second broad class of non-experimental studies and its purpose is to observe, describ e and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generating or theory development. This study described the learning styles of Sophomore Nursing students and their most preferred teaching methodology. It also determined if learning styles were associated to their most preferred teaching methodology. Population and SampleThe respondents of this study were sophomore nursing students of Far Eastern University within the school year 2010 to 2011. The sophomore nursing students had a total population of 630. development Slovens formula, the sample population of 245 was drawn. Table 1. Frequency Distribution and Percentage of the 6 sections included in the study Section Frequency Percentage (%) BSN 313 36 14. 7 BSN 302 48 19. 6 BSN 304 34 13. 9 BSN 303 48 19. 6 BSN 305 37 15. 1 BSN SB3 42 17. 1 Total 245 100 The researchers used convenience sampling method in choosing the sections that were included in the study basi ng on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Included in the study were sophomore students who were on down during Mondays, those who were present during the data gathering and those who were willing to cooperate. Those excluded in the study were freshmen, junior and senior nursing students and those from other institutes, sections of sophomore nursing students who were on deck during Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays and those who were absent during the data gathering procedure. All of the invalid questionnaires answered by the respondents were not included in the tallying. Research Locale The study was conducted at Far Eastern University specifically in the Institute of Nursing. It is a Private non-sectarian University, located in Nicanor Reyes Street, Sampaloc Manila which was suited for the respondents.The researchers had chosen Far Eastern University as a research locale because the behavior, experiences and characteristics that the researchers sought to obs erve fit the students of FEU specifically nursing students. Furthermore, FEU had adequate diversity or mix of students to achieve the research goal. In addition, entrance to the site was possible and access to the respondents can be granted. Research Instruments The instrument had two parts. The first part of the instrument was Kolbs Learning Style Inventory (LSI) which was a standard questionnaire constructed by Kolbs (1985. It was a 12 item self-description questionnaire that would determine the learning style of a particular person.After taking Kolbs Learning Style Inventory and summing up the total number for each learning styles, it gave the difference between Concrete Experience (CE) and Abstract Conceptualization (AC) and the difference between Active Experimentation (AE) and Reflective Observation (RO). After determining the differences of each learning styles, it was plotted on the paradigm to determine the students learning styles as Diverger, Converger, Assimilator and Ac commodator. The second part of the instrument was a self-made instrument. It was a structured questionnaire in which respondents were asked to choose their most preferred teaching methodology both in acquiring skills and learning from lectures. Validation of instrumentThe second part of the instrument was validated by three experts the Associate Dean of the Institute of Nursing along with two other faculty members who had been on the academe for 5 years. The instrument was validated in terms of its face and content validity. A pilot test was conducted to ten (10) nursing students, after which the respondents were excluded from the actual data gathering procedure. They were able to answer all the questions in the instrument which yielded good results. Data Collection Procedure A letter addressed to Dr. Glenda S. Arquiza, Dean of the Institute of Nursing, was forwarded to ask permission to conduct the study. Moreover, the researchers of the study coordinated with the Level II coordina tors to acquire the schedule of the selected respondents.The researcher used structured paper and pencil instrument in which the respondents were guided by a topic guide of questions to be asked and localise order questions which the respondent rank target concepts along a continuum, such as most to least. The respondents were asked to answer the Kolbs Learning Style Inventory. From the sections present during the data gathering, the researchers used conveniece sampling in choosing the included sections for them to come up with the 245 respondents. The inventories were distributed by some of the members of the research team to the selected respondents and were collected right away after they finish answering the inventory. The data collection was conducted last July 17, 2010. All of the instruments which were valid and with complete answers were all included in the study. Statistical TreatmentTo organize the data collected, statistical tables were presented. This made the presentat ion of the data systematic and readily understandable. Furthermore, the following statistical formulas were used to analyze the data collected. The Slovens Formula was used to determine the number of minimum respondents to utilize. Its formula is as follows n=N(1+N*e2) Where n = number of samples N = total population e = margin of error To answer the first and the second problem bid which were What is the learning style of sophomore Nursing students and What are the preferred teaching methodology of sophomore nursing students Frequency & Percentage Distribution was used.Its formula is as follows Percentage (%) = fnx 100 where f = number of times the item occurs (frequency) n = total number of items To answer statement of the problem number 2, weighted mean was used to determine the average of the students who preferred a particular teaching methodology in terms of skills and didactics Its formula is as follows X=? fxn where X = mean ? = summation f = number of times the items occur x = value of the item n = total number of items To answer statement of the problem number 3, Is there a significant difference between the different learning styles chi-square goodness of fit test was used. Its for