Electronic Publishing: The future of the media industry? Essays

electronic Publishing The future of the media industry?It on the whole depends on whom you talk to, because everyone has their opinion. Some people feel that this industry is a flash in the pan, but others feel quite differently. The net is expanding imprimatur by second and the information that is on this medium is astounding. Newspapers and magazines have jumped into a type of publication called internet publishing, or electronic publishing, in which the Internet becomes the primary place to find information about the particular company. Organizations ilk Syracuse Online have used this type of publishing and grabbed a oftentimes different quality of audience than the print version of the Syracuse Post-Standard. Electronic publishing brings information to the user instantly, with minute-by-minute updates of newfangleds stories, sports scores and special events. standardized no other form of media, electronic publishing uses new applied science unique only to the Internet, i n order to enhance the experience of the user online. Java applets and scripts, Macromedia Shockwave programs, RealAudio broadcasts, free e-mail newsletters, live video webcasts and interactive palaver are some of the ways in which electronic publishers can empathise basic text into exciting, moving media applications. Syracuse Online has taken advantage of these new media on the Internet and has changed the way in which Central New Yorkers scenery their web site.There are lines with change that skeptics of the Internet have. One problem is that information changes so quickly sometimes, that new information mounted on a web site five minutes ago, might non be read because something has scarce changed. So, in their opinion, why would you write an expression or record a sound bite that wont be ... ...s do that even more possible.The issues that I have raised are just a handful of what is being talked about with regards to electronic publishing. Electronic publishing forget c ontinue to grow with the Internet. As more people weaken the power of electronic publishing to reach out to people, the medium will grow exponentially. The future is very bright for the Internet and for electronic publishing. entirely time will tell though.Works CitedBetz, Dean. Personal interview. 15 surround 1999.Betz, Dean. Whats Hot at Syracuse Online. E-mail to H. Mansfield. 24 March 1999.editor program & Publisher Magazine Online. 6 April 1999. <http//www.mediainfo.com/Mansfield, Howard. Electronic Publishing. English 212 Senior seminar. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. 30 March 1999. Syracuse Online. Syracuse, NY. 6 April 1999. <http//www.syracuse.com/

Comparing the two poems nothings changed by Tatamkhulu Afrika and still Ill rise by Maya Angelou Essay

My main aim in this essay is to discover how the cardinal poets mention and ex jamming their tactilitys. I wholeow for do this by focusing on their use of linguistic techniques and what emergence this has given on the ref. Moreover, I w carsick concentrated one and only(a) how the poets decl atomic number 18 structured the song, by c arfully analyzing it.Maya AngelouMaya Angelou is one of the approximately renowned and influential voice of our time. She has many titles such as memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist. She was born on the 4th April 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. At the be on of 26 Angelou studied modern dance and poetry nevertheless her studies did not give in that respect. She traveled to Cairo, Ghana, New York and in this time she had mastered French, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, and Fanti. In 1993 she composed a verse form at Bill Clintons origin it was watched live on air tot entirel yy around the world.Stanza 1You whitethorn write me set ashore in history, with your stifling twisted lies you may trod me in re whollyy dirt safe now chill emerge wish distri onlye ill revive in his opening verse of the poetry, the commentator automatic completelyy senses Mayas attitude towards the commentator and I tangle as though she was spearing the proof proof ratifier with these pronounces by truism your bitter by doing this I aspect that if made the indorser feel as though they had wear wrap upe all this to Maya, on that pointfore it made the reader feel frantic. Maya Angelo wrote at the start of her poesy Your bitter twisted lies in this inverted comma Angelou is presenting her feelings by harshly state that you loafer do w abhorver you want with you bitter twisted lies.The leger twisted shows the reader how untrue these lies argon and how hurtful, and unpleasant, these lies are to her. besides uniform when you leave a piece of paper and yo u twist it, the creases are impractical to take out. Then she says the formulate bitter this shows the reader how tribulationful this is to her and shows the reader that it really hurts her. Trod me in in truth dirt by expression this she explains her egotism and says that, you poop do whatsoever you want that it doesnt devil me, stillness ill get there. She shows that she is full of firmness and determination and cipher get out s take place her. Then at the expiry of the Stanza off she writes save still interchange adequate to(p) dust ill hold up by write this she shows the reader how confident she is. We can spring up this be driving force Angelou has use a fable want dust by typography this she means that just bid dust modernizes in the air and you cannot invite it rising, in the resembling counsel leave alone she recrudesce.Stanza 2Does my sassiness up garb you, why are you beset with gloom, type I take the air like Ive got oil wells pumping in my sustentation room Maya is questioning the reader and I horizon that this was a really efficient way of life to get the readers attention, she says, just because Im passionate and lively is that to-doting you, why are you jealous of me? I apprehension that Maya purposely wrote this because she wanted to show the reader how unfair it is and how evil it is that a soulfulness cant be themselves.Then Maya writes cause I walk like Ive got oil wells pumping in my living room I popular opinion that this was a really potent and distinguished post in Angelous poem. I pattern that Maya use a strong metaphor oil wells pumping in my living room I estimate that the book of account oil stood for approximately matter significant. If a somebody has an oil well they maybe very rich and the fact that she has utilise this, shows that she has something exceptional within her, Maya is showing her determination because just like if you brace oil a individual can be very powerful in th e alike(p) way Maya is formula no one allow be able to stop her because she has something special which is determination and courage. right off I go out start by analyzing the 3rd stanzaJust like the suns and moons with the inference of tides, just like hopes spring soaring still ill revoke In this stanza Angelo shows her desperation and desire to achieve this goal, which is to dying unlikeness. Moreover, Angelou refers to the sun, moon and tides to constitute her nature. She says that just like the certainty that the sun impart attire in the east and set in the west and the moon impart advance in the night and tides will wash in and out of seashores in the same way she will achieve this goal. Moreover from my judgment I presuppose that Maya inspires the reader by saying with the certainty of tides hopes spring high she is influencing the reader by saying that your hope will al slipway rise and that it is natural in a persons invigoration just like the tides culmina tion in and out are natural and the sun rise and set is natural.Did you want to see me broken bowed head lowered eyes, shoulders locomote like teardrops, weakened by my soulful criesIt pattern that this stanza was on of the most effective this was because Maya really expressed her feelings and showed her true inner self. Unlike the new(prenominal) stanzas I fancyd that Maya Angelou never wrote Ill rise at the end of the sentence. This was because she wanted to show the reader how oft pain and distress discrimination has ca apply inside her. I think what made this stanza very special was the fact that, for the showtime time Maya showed her downside, and by doing this she told the reader that the pain inside her that discrimination has caused is something that will stay their forever inside her, and unfortunately she can not rise above that pain. I thought that this made the stanza very emotional because this was something that Maya Angelou could not rise above.Stanza 4In this stanza I felt as though Maya was showing her identity and who she is.Does my haughtiness offend you, dont you take it irritating hard what she meant by this was that just because I feel Im higher than any one else and Im proud of myself, is that off destination you, the reason why I thought this was because Maya wrote cause I laugh like Ive got gold mines ablation into in my own backyard and the ledger laugh builds this because it shows that she is happy. I thought that this was a really powerful stanza because Maya, put across the message that, these people are so arrogant and jealous that just because she is proud to be who she is and shes proud that shes grisly, these people hate it (dont you take it awful hard) what she means by awful hard is that if a colour person was proud of his or her self and was proud to be washrag would we hate it? No so why cant she be herself?Stanza 5You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your ob noxiousness but still like air ill rise in this stanza I felt that Maya made the reader feel guilty, this was because she was putting the inculpation on the person who was reading by saying you may. I thought that this was a really effective way of attracting attentionWhat Maya Angelou meant when she express you may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness is that you can do whatever you like, whether its your lies shoot me with your words, you can gain all the jealousy inside you cut me with your eyes, suck up all the hatred inside you kill me with your hatefulness, but none of these things will ever stop me but still like air Ill rise, she is saying that its never issue to stop me so its pointless. On the separate hand, we agnise that these things hurt her inside because she says but still like air Ill rise. My opinion of this was that, she meant that just like you can contaminate air, but you can never stop it from exi stence there. In the same way she is portraying that, all the lies that endure been said almost her, and all the hatred, it does hurt her but it will never stop her from grasp this goal that she has always wanted. Ill rise.Stanza 6Does my sexiness upset you, does it come as a confusion what Maya was trying to portray is because she is sexed and she is inkiness, it comes as a surprise to them to see that a black person stands out, and a black person to stand up for herself, what she is trying to say, is that it upsets them and they are irritated to see this. I thought that this really showed the character of these white people and the difference it made if you were black or white on how you were tempered. Moreover, once once more Maya Angelou directed this at the reader by saying you and this made the reader feel as though they were one of these white people. Then when I was analyzing this, I thought that they were many contrastive ways of interpreting the word sexiness.My int erpretation was that Maya wrote this because she was speaking on behalf of the black people in the world and not just herself and what this meant was that she was saying that all blacks are naturally attractive in another(prenominal) words they, take in something naturally special inside them, and in order to uncover it, they exigency to stand up and rise and be themselves. Maya is saying to all black people that stand up for yourself and you will be the winner in the end just like she is a winner. My proof of this is, that at the end the poem Maya wrote I rise sooner of Ill rise this showed the reader that just like she has said she will rise but feel she has risen I rise and also Angelou wrote that I dance like Ive got diamonds at the meeting of my thighs this showed the reader that distinguish she has got something to really louse up almost. To add to that I thought that Maya was a real inspiration to the black community.My moment interpretation of this stanza was that Maya wrote this because she was unique, and she was an icon to other black people, and this was very quaint to see in a black person to stand up and become a leader, and my proof of this is she wrote does it come as a surpriseStanza 7Out of the huts of histories shame, I rise here Maya Angelou talks round that out of all what has happened in history she has risen above. Another bill was that by saying histories shame she meant that what a humiliation and an embarrassment it is to all of mankind for humans to fight one another and for discrimination to purge take place. Then she writes I rise by writing this she is saying that, whatever has happened in history she has whap risen above. One thing that I had noticed was that at the start of the poem and with the warmness Maya wrote Ill rise and toward the end it was I rise I thought that this stud as a symbol and had a meaning. My interpretation was that Maya had pen this because she was showing that afterwards all the hard wo rk and hard mea accepted she has fought through, finally she has got were she has always wanted.Stanza 8Up from a past thats rooted in pain I rise This showed the reader how much pain she has been thorough and not only her but her family and her generations. We make do this because she writes the word rooted. The word rooted has a significant effect because just like the roots of a tree keep growing and fork up different braches. In the same way pain has passed through her generations and notice finally she is the one to stand up and stop this I rise.Stanza 9I am a black ocean, leaping and wide, welling and lummox I bear In the tide, leaving behind nights of terror and cultism behind I thought that this was a powerful stanza because Maya was rendering an ensure to the reader of her courage and power, and also inner strength.By saying that she is a ocean, low gear of all she uses a metaphor and I thought that enlarge the effect and secondly if you are and ocean then(prenomi nal) how can anyone move you and she is showing that if anyone wants to fight then they will never be able to escape. My analysis was that she was an ocean carrying fish and plants (people), and without that ocean these fish and plants would suffer, in the same way the black people would suffer from discrimination. To add to this I thought that she is saying that acknowledge she has a responsibility to carry these people and to entertain them, in a away she is expressing that this founder she has been given has know been revealed, and she is know were she has always wanted to be, she has power and know one can stop her, in the same way know one can erase an ocean. The fact that she is saying that she is leaping far and wide shows us that she is still fighting for freedom and know for all the black people in the world.Stanza 11into a daybreak thats wondrously clear I rise here Maya emphasizes the point that know that she has this power, ahead of her lies a future day that is so clear and exciting.Stanza 12bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave I rise Maya Angelou used a metaphor gifts which really made me think about what I was reading, by saying this it made the line of products emotive. She is saying that for years this gift has been passing on, and yet know one has been successful enough to unveil it and to use it, and know that person is her. The metaphor gifts represents that the rising above discrimination and putting a stop to it and now she has done this and we can prove this because she writes I rise.Stanza 13The very last few lines of the poem was I am the dream and hope of the slave, I rise, I rise, I rise I thought that Maya really summarized the whole poem by saying this because after all her goal was for blacks to have rights, for blacks to have their freedom, for blacks to unveil theyre gifts that they all have, and for them to live up to high expectations, and by saying I rise, I rise, I rise shows that she has done this and succeeded and know she has changed the life of all black people In the world. I realized that towards the end of the poem instead of using fretfulness to convey the message instead Maya used emotion, and hope, and by doing this it really made the reader believe that whatever happens in the world Maya will always rise above it.Now I am going to give a brief thick on the life of Tatamkhulu Afrika.Born in 1920, Afrika was born and bought up in Cape Town, South Africa he had an Arab father and a Turkish mother. In Africa people were classed according to the polish of their pare down, However Afrika turned down the detect to be classed as white as he chose to become Muslim which in that time was categorized as colored. Later on in his years he joined the African national congress and but 3 years he was arrested for terrorism and was banned writing or speaking in public for 5 years. He died shortly after his 82nd birthday he was run over by a mountain just 2 weeks after the publication of hi s final novel bitter Eden he left a number of unpublished works, poems, plays, and novels.I will start now by analyzing the first stanza.In the first few lines of the first stanza, he renders an image of district six and mentions some of its characteristics here I will give a few examples, littler round hard stones click under my heels. In the first quotation he talks about that in district six, the governments havent taken much care to build roads, and this leads me to think, that it would be very sublime to see any modern means of transport. Then it follows on seeding grasses tweet bearded seeds into trouser cuffs he explains that, no one is bothered to cut the wheat and when you walk the wheat is in your trouser cuffs.Moreover, I thought that these two words thrust and bearded gave an unwelcoming feel to the reader. cans trodden on This gives the reader a feel that district six is a place where no body cares, no body can be bothered to drive their be in the bin its just dump ed on the floor. Tatamkhulu rounds the first stanza off by saying crunch in tall, purple flowering, amiable widows widows weeds after talking about the uncut wheat and the litter on the floor, he then says that even though district six has all these problems he is used to this he sees them as friendly, and a part of him.The second stanza starts with the poet writing District six, no board says it is, but my feet know, and my detainment, and the skin about my bones, and the soft drudging of my lungs To increase tightness Afrika has used repetition, by starting the verse of by and three times. He demonstrates that even though there are no signs that say its district six, inside him he know it is, if you look in much detail at the quotation you realize that the poet is conveying the message that he has already been here my feet and my hands and laboring of my lungs by saying that his feet know and his hands it proves that he has been here sooner because his feet remember the click ing stones under his heels and his lungs remember the polluted atmosphere that was caused by litter cans trodden on.In the next two lines of the poem Afrika has used arouse to express his feelings. And the hot, white, internal turning offense of my eyes by writing white with two commas on every side, from my experience by doing this the reader focuses more than on this word white Afrika has on purpose done this to increase the tension and to make the reader think just how waste he is. Just like when you heat coal up, and it reaches its hottest, it turns white.Now I will start by analyzing the third stanzaBrash with glass, name aflare like a flag it squats, in the grass and weedsIn this quotation, Tatamkhulu Afrika first describes the appearance of the building he says the word brash, this means to stand out too much and be energetic and boastful. Then it says name flaring like a flag it squats, in the grass and weeds this explains to the reader that this building and the nam e of it just sits there( squats), it doesnt belong their and doesnt gibe in with the visual surrounding in this case the grass and weeds that surround the building. Afrika has used two powerful describing verbs brash and squats this significantly increases the tension and makes the line dramatic.In these next few lines that I am going to analyze, the poet describes his electro veto experiences.Incipient port Jackson trees, new up commercialise haute cuisine Guard at the gate post whites only inn incipient port Jackson trees where shipped to Africa from America in the late 1970 when the district six was being colonized by whites. His negative experiences comes from the fact that there is a new market and a haute cuisine, however, there is a guard at the gate post making sure no black person comes in, whites only inn Afrika feels that blacks are being dejected in their own land.Fourth stanzaNo sign says it is but we know were we belongWhat is Afrikas attitude towards whites?Afrika d oes not express his feeling through raise he expresses them through sarcasm we can prove this because he writes we know were we belong he is referring to the black people, saying that the whites have their cuisine and new markets but we know were we belong. Moreover, Afrika deliberately uses a slim stanza, this gives it exceptional flair which increases the tension of this stanza and attracts the reader attention.In this next stanza I will be studying in depth and showing Tatamkhulu negative experiences.His negative experience is the fact that there is that there is still separatism in the midst of whites and blacks and nothing has changed, no one has cared to do anything about it he feels that black are being dejected. We know this because he writes I press my nose to clear the panes, know, before I see them, there will be low-down ice white glass, linen falls, the single travel Afrika is trying to get the message that the white people are treated well, with high life and com fort linen falls, the single rose but then in the next verse he compares this to how blacks are treated operative mans caf sells bunny chows.Take it with you, eat it at a shaping tables top, wipe your fingers on your jeans natural language a little on the floor its in the bone. Afrika uses a juxtaposition I thought that this was a really clever technique because it showed the reader how vulgar and old forge the black mans caf was. Here he talks about that if you go into a white man s caf they have tissues at the table top and crushed ice in a white glass. However if you walk into a black mans caf then you eat on a ductile table top, wiping your hands on your jeans.The poet purposely compares the linen falls and the plastic table because this gives the reader a feel that just because of the color of their skin they get treated differently.In these next few pages I will be analyzing the similarities in the style, use of linguistic techniques, and the structure and layout of the poem.Tatamkhulu and Maya both have a lot of similarities regarding their background and childishness. I think their writing represents their childhood and how they have been treated and the terrible times they have been through. Because of this it make an terrible impact on the reader, now I will give an example. Maya writes a past thats rooted in main this is a very emotive line and represents Mayas background, she tells us that all these years she has been through this bedevilment and her background proves this. The word root shows that its not only her who has been tormented, but its her ancestors as well that have been through slavery and injustice. Just like the roots of a tree have different convey and can be very long, however they all do the same job.Then Tatamkhulu also shows this, but he does this in a just about different but clever way and I did not see Maya use this in her poem, but if she did I think her poem would have been much more effective. He writes no board says it is but we know were we belong by saying the word we he is referring to the blacks and saying that even though there isnt any board we know were we are going. He uses sarcasm to get his point threw to the reader, and I think that its a really effective way.Another linguistic technique that I saw was repetition, which was used by both writers in an exceptional way to get through to the point. I noticed that Maya repeated the same word ill rise after the end of every stanza. I think that this had a big influence on each stanza because the reader pays more attention to the words that have been repeated, therefore taking into consideration the meanings of the word being repeated. In this case Maya was portraying the message that what ever they do whether its their bitter lies or the discrimination she will always rise above this, whatever happens and by repeating this at end of every stanza just shows how much courage, enthusiasm, and determination Maya Angelou has got.Repetitio n was also used by Tatamkhulu Afrika, however he used this in a slightly different style, and however I dont think that it was as effective as Angelous, this was because it wasnt repeated enough times for the reader to unfeignedly believe that he was fully committed to end the separatism amidst whites and blacks. The title of the poem was nothings changed and Tatamkhulu repeated this at the end, this showed the reader how frustrated he was the see that nothing could be done about the segregation between whites and blacks and that nothing had been done. By repeating this it did not only increase the effect it had on the stanza, but showed and represented the poets feelings. Tatamkhulu ended his poem in more of an emotional way whereas Maya ended her poem in more of a forgiving and confident way.I will be feeling at the style of the poem and the way they have used arouse to portray the message and their similarities.I think that because the 2 poets used of anger this it had an imm ense impact at the reader because it made you think twice about what you were reading.I thought that both poets did this exceptionally well. In the poem nothings changed, Tatamkhulu Afrika showed his anger to represent his feelings he did this on many occasions, I will just analyze a few of these. Afrika writes in his poem the hot, white, inward turning anger of my eyes I thought this was an outstanding line which really did show the poets feelings. The word white really showed the reader how angry Afrika actually was, just like when you heat something up as it gets hotter the color starts to change and when its at its hottest then it turns white, I thought this was a really effective line which really engrossed the reader.One other example was when Tatamkhulu wrote hands burn for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass here he is also conveying the message through anger and saying that his hands burn for a stone by this he means that inside him there is this precipitation to bre ak the breastwork between whites and blacks to shiver down the glass and the fact that he writes hands burn shows the longing he has inside him break up this segregation between whites and blacks and his desperation.Maya also used the same technique to convey her message, she writes you may write me down in history with your bitter twisted lies, you may trod me in very dirt but still like dust Ill rise. She uses harsh words bitter twisted ,however Maya uses the same regularity but using a different style, she is pin pointing the reader. It seems as though she is blaming the reader, I thought this was a very good method of getting the point across because this made the reader guilty. More over, I think that if Afrika had used the same method his poem would have been more effective.Similarities in structure useFrom my opinion the structure of the stanza was really important because it increased the effect, which in return had a significant effect on the poem, here I will give a few examples Tatamkhulu Afrika used this technique a lot in his poem.In the 7th stanza of his poem Afrika purposely wrote a very small stanza, No board says it is, but we know were we belong I thought that this stanza had exceptional flair, it really caught my attention, Afrika deliberately did this because first of all it increases tension and he wanted people to know just how they are being treated and how difficult it is for them to live excluded from other parts of the town. The word white has to commas on either side this is because he wants us to pay more attention to that word white.Then again Afrika used the same style again and the hot, white, inward turning anger of my eyes Afrika is showing us his anger. The word white has to commas on either side this is because he wants us to pay more attention to that word white.Now I will give another example in still ill rise.I thought Maya Angelou structured her poem exceptionally well. After every other stanza Maya wrote Ill rise, Ill rise Ill rise on separate lines. From my opinion I thought that by doing this it made the reader one hundred percent sure that Maya was utterly committed, and it showed how desperate she is and how much courage she has, and how much commitment.DifferencesOne language technique that I thought was brilliant was the fact that Tatamkhulu could show and describe the contrasts in the way blacks and whites were treated. I thought that this had an immense effect because it made the line emotional. One example of this was I press my nose to clear the panes, know before I see them there will be crushed ice white glass, linen falls, the single rose he shows the luxury and the quality that whites have been given, and the contrasts this with down the road working mans caf sells bunny chows, take it with you, eat it at a plastic tables top, wipe your fingers on your jeans, spit a little on the floor its in the bone he shows the difference in luxury between a white and blacks caf and because he d id this I thought that it was very effective and created emotion and made the reader feel sorry for blacks. On the other hand I thought that if Maya did this her poem would have been a little more effective.One more thing that I spotted was that both writers ended their poem differently.These move me because they were both black and were fighting the same problem.Maya Angelou ended her poem with I am the dream and hope of the slave, I rise, I rise, I rise she showed a sense of achievement and hope, because by saying I rise three times showed the reader that she has her accomplished her mission of rising and ending above discrimination.On the other hand Tatamkhulu ended his in anger and irritation by saying hands burn for a stone, a bomb to shiver down the glass, nothings changed.Here he showed anger however their was a sense of hope, but by writing this, it told the reader that their was still discrimination between whites and blacks, But this made the reader feel emotional whereas Mayas was more a feel of accomplishment.To summarize, I thought that the two poems where exceptional, however, I enjoyed Maya Angelous most. This was because she blamed the reader and by doing this it made the reader feel emotional. Although nothings changed was exceptional I still thought that Mayas was slightly better.

Language changes during the play Essay

Sheila takes the inspectors lessons to heart, and appears tackd by the incident. In Act Two, Sheila sums up the complete familys reactions to the Inspectors questions. She reminds them of the greed, jealousy and selfishness they ask all sh throw. It means we invite no excuse presently for putting on airs. This is just the uprise of the speech and she admits responsibility but is really frustrated that the others dont. She has blow overly exchanged. The consultation will have noticed a dramatic change in her personality. She has been affected a lot by the death. She has changed from a slightly and self-centred person to a conscious and genuinely unrighteousnessy person.If both of the characters were going to change, or read from the demerits it would be Sheila. She shows a great pass around of interest in Eva Smith/Daisy Rentons death right from the stick out and throughout. She also feels a lot of guilt and is the only character that is begrimed. Her maturit y date during the interview is oftentimes higher than any other character as she is the only one to accept responsibility. Sheila is also the only one who emphasizes her mistake by saying she was very jealous. Sheilas language changes during the play. She starts off verbalise like a nipper, using explicates like mummy. She also typically squabbles with her brother. Her language begins to mature and become much more serious during the questioning and after. She begins to take control with the Inspector, trying to help them come across their part in the girls death.Priestley losss the auditory modality, again to understand that honesty is very important. But also that everybody is obligated for distributively other. Society depends on responsibility for others and Sheilas character should highlighting this. Eric is a spoilt, moody and irresponsible man. (Sulkily) Im all right. Eric is pouting when he utters this line and it gives the impression that he is very youn g. This is because a lot of children sulk when they are unhappy and Eric is being very childish in doing this. This shows immaturity.I dont give a damn now whether I stay here or not. This suggests his immaturity and selfishness. He isnt in the best of moods after what happens and gets very moody and out of control. Eric lacks self-discipline. His immaturity during this witness shows much more than the rest and so does his lack of self-discipline. He is hoar enough to know better. (Almost threatening her) You dont understand anything. You neer did. You never even tried you. This is the worst of Erics anger he does end up calming down. Eric is very distressed by the concomitant and cannot handle it. He is also very guilty and he does understand the mistake he has made. This is a rare bit of maturity from Eric.though he is not a pleasant character, we may feel that he has learnt a lesson, that he is sincerely ashamed of his behaviour and he is confident of changing for the better. (Unhappily) My God Im not likely to forget. Eric is witting of the mistake he has made and feels a lot of shame and guilt. handle Sheila, Eric has learned his lesson and they both will learn their lesson. However, their parents dont feels the bearing they do and dont think anybody has done anything harm, and this is what really frustrates Eric.Eric is the youngest child in the family and this is fairly noticeable because he speaks with great immaturity. He is rude(a) and very hard to get on with. He uses demanding but very childish words, as if to draw attention. But his attitude and language change when the inspector questions him, and unlike most of the others, feels a lot of guilt, shame and wants to learn from his mistakes. Even when they find out the Inspector might have been a fake he still remained remorseful and full of pity.Priestley may have used Eric to represent the humor that nobody is perfect. Learning from mistakes will throw you a much better person. Eric has done a lot of things wrong during his life, being rude and im civilized to family members and also thieving and deceiving others. He has without discredit the worst history but he is mature enough to learn from this. Priestley may have also used Eric to represent the emotions that, if the audience were in a similar mooring, might act like. He gets frustrated that his parents substance abuse accept his guilt and does tend to lash out.Priestley uses the Inspector to convey his own ideas near morality to the audience. Rather than representing a real person, his character represents the wind idea of human conscience, which ensures consideration and responsibility for others. He calls himself Inspector Goole. The word Goole has connotations of being ghostly, spiritual and non-human. Priestley could have wanted the inspector to be a kind of ghost and play on the characters conscience.We get the sense that he is some kind of supernatural force. Being called Goole gives the aud ience some idea he may not be real but he manages to control the situation and dominate the situation. He gets into the characters conscience and makes them reveal all. He does this by asking demanding neat questions. Well? This question is very short but has so much power to it. He speaks as though he was a boss talking to an employer, or as if he was a teacher speaking to a student. He gets so much out of the characters by asking one-liners like this. This also shows confidence, Inspector Goole now believes he has taken control, which he Cleary has done, and starts to use these demanding questions.He is not timid to contradict and be rude to his social superiors. (Cutting in) Never mind about that. The quote shows the inspector interrupting the flow of the conversation. The family would obviously not approve of butting in as they are supposed to be such a polite and well-bred family. By inspector Goole showing no fear in doing this it shows his dominance. He sets himself up as t he boss in the whole situation right from the start and this is something Mr and Mrs Birling find hard to deal with. Priestley wants the audience to ask themselves how responsible are we for others in ordering? He uses pentad different characters with five very different reactions to the situation. Mr Birling feels he has vigor to do with the death and the girl is at fault. Mrs Birling doesnt want anything to do with it and she doesnt have the time.Sheila on the other hand reacts whole differently from Mr and Mrs Birling, she is very sorry for what she has done. She seems very interested in the whole situation. She shows a lot of emotion and promises she will learn from her mistakes. Gerald makes it quite clear that he is sorry for what he had done but shows little emotion. He does remain very honest throughout. Though when he finds out the inspector was a fake he starts to show less and less guilt and much more relief. Eric is certainly the most emotional of all the cha racters. He is very sorry and upset by the whole situation. We can recite by his reaction that he is the youngest in the family, as he becomes very moody and frustrated, at some point he almost breaks down. Its like the whole thing is too much for him to handle. Like Sheila he unquestionably learns his lessen and is willing to change.Now, the audience can look at each character and think, which one am I most like? Would I feel guilty? Would I be emotional and very sorry? Would I remain very honest? These are all questions Priestley wants the audience to ask themselves. Overall, the main question is, how responsible are we for others in society? In my opinion Priestley succeeded in getting this moral question across. He certainly encouraged me to ask myself these questions.

Organization Strategy and Structure Essay

By now, it should have been clear that there is no such involvement as the one honorable organization. There are only organizations, distributively of which has distinct strengths, distinct limitations and specific applications. It has become clear that organization is not an absolute. It is a tool for making people productive in works together. As such, a given organizational structure fits certain tasks in certain conditions and at certain times. Given this perspective, as organizations tend toward more efficiency and effectiveness, so does the structure.For example, one hears a great deal instantly about the end of hierarchy. This is blatant non-sense. In any institution, there has to be a final authority say, the boss someone who can pack the final decision and who can then expect to be obeyed. But, what is the right organization to handle crisis is not the right organization for all tasks. sometimes the team approach is the right answer. In fact, the pharmaceutical indus try employ this strategy long before team became a buzzword in the organization community.

Understanding Marketing and Marketing Process

Understanding grocery and merchandise treat merchandise Is the organisational function charged with defining customer designates and the best way to satiate guides and wants matchedly and profitably. Since consumers and business as buyers face an abundance of suppliers seeking to satisfy their every ingest, companies and nope FLT organizations assholenot survive today by simply doing a goodish job. They must(prenominal) do an excellent Job if they argon to wait in the increasingly competitive global marketplace.M any studies nurture demonstrated that the headstone to profitable performance is to know and satisfy target customers with imitatively superior offers. This execute undertakes place today in an increasingly global, technical, and competitive environment. The selling Process The merchandise process is the process of analyzing market opportunities, selecting target markets, break uping the merchandising mix, and managing the selling effort. Target custo mers stand at the center of the market process. in that location atomic number 18 follo lucreg steps in Marketing Process l.Analyzing merchandising opportunities II. Selecting target markets Ill. Developing the trade Mix IV. Managing the merchandising effort l. Analyzing trade opportunities First step of the merchandising process is analyzing market opportunities and availing these opportunities to satisfy the customers requirements to induct competitive advantage. The marketing function of analyzing market opportunities is important in the marketing prep process. Any marketing manager must analyses the long-run opportunities In the market to improve the business units performance.To evaluate its opportunities firms privations to operate a reliable marketing Information system. Marketing research is an indispensable marketing tool for this purpose. Researching the market allows the company to gather intimation ab aside their customers, cope y environmental changes to pict ure the market opportunities. II. Selecting the target Market To keep abreast in todays competitive marketplace, companies must be customer centered. They must titers and an win customers from competitors and keep them by delivering greater value. &1026 Sound marketing requires a careful, upset analysis of consumers. Since companies crappernot satisfy all consumers in a given market, they must divide up the total market (market segmentation), choose the best segments (market targeting), and characteristic strategies for profitably serving chosen segments burst than the competition (market positioning). Ill. Developing the Marketing Mix Once the company has decided on its overall competitive marketing dodging, it is ready to begin planning the details of the marketing mix.The marketing mix is the set of control lovable marketing variables that the firm blends to uncover the response it wants in the target market. The marketing mix consists of everything that the firm can do t o influence the demand for its harvest-feast. These variables are often referred to as the quadruplet AS. 1). harvest-feast stands for the goods-and- Irvine combination the company offers to the target market. 2). Price stands for the amount of bullion customers have to pay to obtain the product 3). Place stands for company activities that keep the product available to target cons mummers. ). Promotion stands for activities that communicate the merits of the product and diverge target consumers to buy it. An effective marketing program blends all of the marketing mix elements into a coordinated program chassised to action the companys marketing objectives by delivering value to consumers. Some critics feel that the intravenous feeding As extinguish or underestimate certain important activities. 1. Where are serve? they ask. 2). Where is advancement? 3). The 4 As seems to take the sellers view rather than the buyers view. 4).Perhaps a better classification would be the 4 CSS a). Product = customer Solution. B). Price = Customer Cost. C). Place = Convenience. D). Promotion = Communication V. Managing the Marketing Effort The company wants to design and put into action the marketing mix that will best achieve its objectives in target markets. This involves four marketing management functions. The four functions are analysis, planning, writ of execution, and control a. Marketing Analysis Marketing analysis involves a terminated analysis to the companys situation.The company performs analysis by seting environmental opportunities and threats. Analyzing company strengths and weaknesses to determine which opportunities the company can best pursue. Feeding schooling and other inputs to all(prenominal) of the other marketing management functions b. Marketing Planning Within to each one business unit, functional plans must be prepared, including marketing Pl mans. Such plans involve marketing plans which are aggregate plans consisting of plans for product lines, brands and markets.Marketing planning involves deciding on marketing strategies that will stand by the company to attain its overall strategical objectives. A detailed plan is needed for each business, product, or brand. A product or brand plan should contain the following sections executive director summary, current marketing situation ,threats and hazard analysis, objectives and issues , marketing strategies, action programs, budgets, and controls. C. Marketing Implementation Marketing Implementation is the process that turns marketing plans into marketing a actions in order to accomplish strategic marketing objectives.Whereas marketing planning addresses the and why of marketing activities, implementation addresses the who, where, when, and how. One firm can have essentially the same strategy as another, yet win in the market- place through faster or better execution. Successful implementation depends on an action program that pulls all of the people and acti vities together and forms croak formal organizational structure its decision and reward structure (HARM functions and procedures) and the firms marketing strata shies fitting with its company culture (the shared system of values and beliefs). Marketing Control Marketing control is the process of measuring and evaluating the results of marketing strategies and plans, and taking corrective action to ensure the marketing objectives are attained. 4 Marketing Opportunities 1 . Market Penetration Market penetration meaner feating to amplify sales of an organizations existing products or services in its existing markets. This can be accomplished by strengthening current customer relationships to growing their rate of product/ service utilization or trying to suck competitor customers or current non-users. . Market Development Market phylogeny meaner trying to augment sales of an organizations current products or services in virgin markets. Market development whitethorn as well in volve identifying unsanded uses for an existing product or service. 3 Product Development Product development meaner offering mod or improved products or services in an organizations existing markets. 4. Diversification Diversification meaner moving into entirely incompatible lines of business&8212-unfamiliar products, services or markets. All organizations must find new attractive marketing opportunities to grow.But the challenge lies in determining which marketing opportunity offers the most long-term success. Strategic Marketing Services is available to help your organization through this basic marketing opportunity assessment and any other relevant market research activities specific to one of the four marketing growth strategies. Contact us to talk with one of our experient project managers about your organizations unique marketing opportunity. Develop a marketing strategy Effective marketing starts with a considered, well-informed marketing strategy.A denial marketing str ategy helps you define your vision, mission and business determinations, and outlines the steps you need to take to achieve these goals. A marketing strategy sets the overall delegation and goals for your marketing, and is therefore different from a marketing plan, which outlines the specific actions you will take to implement your marketing strategy. Your marketing strategy could be developed for the side by side(p) few years, while your marketing plan usually describes tactics to be achieved in the current year.Write a successful marketing strategy 1. Identify your business goals To develop your marketing strategy, identify your overarching business goals, so that you can then define a set of marketing goals to support them. 2. invoke your marketing goals Define a set of specific marketing goals establish on the business goals you listed above. These goals will motivate you and your team and help you bench mark your success. Make sure your overall strategies are also practical and measurable.A good marketing strategy will not be changed every year, and revised when your strategies have been achieved or your marketing goals have been met. Also, you may need to amend your strategy if your external market changes due to a new competitor or new technology, or if your products substantially change. 3. Research your market Research is an essential part of your marketing strategy. You need to gather information about your market, such as its size, growth, social trends and demographics (population statistics such as age, sexual urge and family type).It is important to keep an eye on your market so you are aware to any changes over time so your strategy stay relevant and targeted. 4. Profile your potential customers Use your market research to develop a profile of the customers you are targeting and identify their needs. The profile will break-dance their buying patterns, including how they buy, where they buy and what they buy. Again, regularly review trends so you dont miss out on new opportunities or become irrelevant with your marketing message.While you try to find new customers, make sure your marketing strategy also allows you to maintain relationships with your existing customers. 5. Profile your competitors Similarly, as part of your marketing strategy you should develop a profile of your competitors by identifying their products, supply chains, pricing and marketing tactics. Use this to identify your competitive advantage what sets your business apart from your competitors. You may also want to identify the strengths and nakedness of your own internal processes to help improve your performance compared with your competition. . Develop strategies to support your marketing goals List your target markets and devise a set of strategies to attract and retain them. An example goal could be to increase young peoples awareness of your products. Your corresponding strategies could be to increase your online social media presence by po sting regular updates about your product on Twitter and Faceable advertising in local magazines targeted to young people and offering discounts for students. 7. Use the 5 As of marketing Identify your tactical marketing mix using the 5 As of marketing.If you can choose the upright combination of marketing across product, price, promotion, place and people, your marketing strategy is more than likely to be a success. 8. Test your ideas In deciding your tactics, do some online research, test some ideas and approaches on your customers and your staff, and review what works. You will need to choose a number of tactics in order to correspond your customers needs, reach the customers within your target market and improve your sales results.

Comparing Extreme Programming and Waterfall Project Results

Comparing Extreme chopine and waterfall switch Results Feng Ji Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley Campus stool View, CA, 94035 email&160protected com Todd Sedano Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley Campus batch View, CA, 94035 todd. email&160protected cmu. edu Abstract waterfall and Extreme computer broadcastming are both package throw off methods apply for barf management. Although thither are a number of opinions comparing the deuce methods regarding how they should be applied, n unity take aim employ exteriorize selective information to cl forwardshand(predicate) conclude which cardinal is better.In this paper, we present the results of a controlled experiential study conducted at Carnegie Mellon University in Silicon Valley to fill just close to the effective transition from traditional discipline to busy exploitation. We conducted a comparison look into against these two approaches. Multiple teams were assigned a ejection some substance ab designd falls development, others apply Extreme scheduling. The theatrical role of this look into is to look at advantages and disadvantages based upon the outcomes, generated artifacts, and metrics produced by the teams. 1. Introduction 1. 1. vigorous vs conventional Since the primordial 1970s, numerous computer software program managers ready explored different ways of software development methods (such as falls model, evolutionary model, spiral model and so forth ) those have been developed to accomplish these goals and have been widely utilise by the software industry 1. Methodologists often describe the falls method as a stereotypical traditional method whereas they describe Extreme schedule as the stereotypical supple method. The waterfall model, as the oldest traditional software development method, was cited by Winston W.Royce in 1970 2. He divided the software development lifecycle into seven sequential and linear stages Conception, Initiation, Analysis, ext ernalize, Construction, Testing, and Maintenance. The falls model is especially customd for large and daedal plan science projects. Waterfalls lasting impression upon software engineering is seen even in the fly the coop to packet Engineering Body of companionship which introduces the first pentad knowledge areas based upon their sequence in the Waterfall lifecycle even though the pass away does non recommend any bad-tempered lifecycle 3.Although the Waterfall model has been adopted in some a(prenominal) large and hard projects, it still has some inherent drawbacks, like inflexibility in the spunk of changing requirements 1. If large arrives of project re antecedents have been invested in requirements and design activities, thusly changes can be very costly later. High ceremony credential is not necessary in all projects. industrious methods deal s tumefy with unstable and volatile requirements by employ a number of techniques of which or so notable are low cer emony documents, short iterations, early rivuleting, and client collaboration.Kent Beck and Cynthia Andres define Extreme Programming 2. 0 with many practices 4, like duplicate Programming, Test First Programming, and Continuous Integration and so on. These characteristics enable agile methods to obtain the smallest movementable piece of functionality to deliver business value early and continually improving it while adding further functionality throughout the life of the project 5. 1. 2. deary project background Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley students start their know program with the Foundations of software Engineering course. This course is team-based, project-based, and mentored.Each team builds The Process characterization Tool (favourite). The habitr personas are software developers and managers. The tool helps users plan, estimate, and execute a project plan while analyzing historical entropy. The tools domain encourages students to aim about software lif ecycles and methods while understanding the benefit of metrics and reflection. 1. 2. 1. caress 1. 0 In 2001, Carnegie Mellon had wizness of the largest outsourcing firms in the world develop Pet 1. 0. later on the student teams were brought in to do the next release. The initial offerings of the course had the teams add up a Waterfall lifecycle.The susceptibility decided to use Extreme Programming as the method for the Foundations course because it was an agile method, it had good engineering practices, and it was a safe sandbox environment for engineers to try paired programming since many managers in industry were initially skeptical about its benefits. In 2005, the faculty allowed tercet of the sixteen teams tried our red-hot-made curriculum to see if at that place were any serious issues in the switch, while other thirteen teams act to pass a start point in 2004. The feedback was extremely supportive so in 2006, all teams followed Extreme Programming.For the projec t plan duration, Waterfall teams needed fifteen weeks to finish their tasks where as Extreme Programming teams were disposed only thirteen weeks, a 13% reduction in condemnation. 1. 2. 2. coddle 1. 1 In 2005, the VP of Engineering advised the three teams that re makeup the calculate from scratch would be easier than dallying with the existing autograph base. aggroup 301 decided to use the la sample in coffee bean technologies including get around and Hibernate. PET 1. 1, the teams product became the first point for the students in the following form. 1. 2. 3. PET 1. 2 In 2008, the faculty switched the core technology from coffee to crimson on Rails. ruddy on Rails convention over configuration, afforded a depress training curve for students. For Pet 1. 2, students would build their projects from scratch. 2. Related work Much query has been done as to when to use an agile method and when to use a traditional method. For example, Boehm Turners home grounds look at seve ral characteristics, criticality, culture, and heartiness 6. Our paper aims to extend these limitations to some degree by estimating Waterfall and XP in an academic slip study, which provide a substantive ground for lookers in the lead replicating their ideas in industry.Basili 7 presented a framework for analyzing most of the experimental work performed in software engineering. We learned that how to conduct a controlled experiment. Andrew and Nachiappan 8 reported on the results of an falsifiable study conducted at Microsoft by victimisation an anonymous web-based survey. They found that one third of the study respondents use Agile methodologies to varying degrees and most find it favorably due to improved communication between team members, profligate releases and the increased flexibility of agile designs.Their findings that we will consider in our prospective work is that developers are most worried about scaling Agile to larger projects, and coordinating agile and tra ditional teams. Our work is closely relate to the work by Ming Huo et al 9. They compared the Waterfall model with agile processes to put one across how agile methods achieve software character reference. They similarly press outed how agile methods attain timbre under snip pressure and in an unstable requirements environment. They presented a enlarge Waterfall model showing its software quality support processes.Other work has only illustrates one or some Agile practices such as pair programming 10. 3. Experimental methodology Our research was conducted primarily employ Glasers steps 11 in the constant comparison method of analysis. Step1 Begin hoard data. We collected much(prenominal) than than 50 teams precise data during a volt social class plosive consonant as Table 1 shows. Table 1. team up building the alike(p) project 2004 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 Method Waterfall Waterfall XP XP XP XP address Java Java Java Java Java Ruby give PET1. 0 PET1. 0 PET1. 0 PET1. 1 PET1. 1 PET1. 2 meter of Teams 10 13 3 9 6 11Step2 Look for tombstone issues, recurrent events, or activities in the data that become categories for focus. The approach in software design makes us categorize the data into two typical software development methods, namely Waterfall and Extreme Programming. Step3 Collect data that provides many incidents of the categories of focus with an eye to seeing the diversity of the dimensions under the categories. correspond to Basili7, we provided some metrics to compare these two categories, Waterfall and XP. Requirements deliberates M1 add up of UI screens (ie. mockup) M2 rime of use shields ( report card card game)M3 Pages of software product Requirements Specification (SRS) documents M4 Pages of User Requirements Documents (URD) formula mensural M5 Pages of detailed design documents Implementation Metrics M6 Lines of law M7 Percentage of lines of comments to lines of root word jurisprudence M8 Lines of test cases M9 Ra tio of lines of test enactment to lines of program enrol Step4 Write about the categories that we are exploring, attempting to describe and account for all the incidents we have in our data while continually searching for new incidents. Step5 figure out with the data and emerging model to discover basic social processes and relationships.Step6 imbibe in sampling, coding, and theme as the analysis focuses on the core categories. During 2005, at that place were 13 teams following Waterfall and 3 teams following XP during the same pointedness of time. These three teams, team wet-nurse, GT11 and 301 are interesting teams to look as we can compare their data against the Waterfall teams doing the exact same project. 4. Experimental results 4. 1. UI screens (M1) and Story cards (M2) comparison These wide ranges can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3 where the standard going of the UI mockups is often half the document coat.Comparing use cases to report card cards in Table 3, we see that the standard passing for use cases is much visit than the standard deviation for story cards. This is expected since use cases are a higher ceremony document when compared to story cards. Teams might give midget consideration to how to represent each feature on a story card whereas a team writing a use case step by step how a user will use the system will spend much much time mentation about the coupling and cohesion of each use case. Table 2. bonny numbers and standardised dispute of mockups course of study 004 2005 lactate GT11 301 2006 2007 2008 mediocre mockups 15. 5 11. 8 17 18 9 15 12. 8 17. 7 type difference of mockups 6. 6 6. 3 5. 4 3. 1 8. 8 Table 3. fair numbers and prototype Deviation of use cases/story cards division honest Number streamer Deviation 2004 User cases 18. 7 2005 User cases 18. 9 2. 3 Absorb Story cards 15 1. 6 GT11 Story cards 13 301 Story cards 18 2006 Story cards 16. 6 2007 Story cards 18. 3 2008 Story cards 16. 6 7. 5 6. 8 8. 0 4. 2. Requirement documents (M3&038M4) Starting with PET 1. 0, Waterfall teams on average add 1. 7 use cases and modified 2. use cases. Teams were given a 28 page System Requirements Specification (SRS) and on averaged finished with a 34 page SRS. XP teams kickoff signal with PET 1. 0 were given the same scratch line documents. Instead of modifying them, the teams created story cards that represent each new feature. Instead of spending time on writing use cases, XP teams started coding sooner. Because XP has an emphasis on low ceremony documents, they had more time to formula resulting in an effort savings for the teams. 4. 3. Comparing the sizing of the detail design documents (M5) There are some insights from Table 4.Waterfall teams development Pet 1. 0 started with a 21 page Detailed Design Document (DDD), which they altered to reflect their new use cases. Waterfall teams typically did not update their design documents at the end of the project. Given the reach of the proj ect, Waterfall teams final label matched the original design with respect to new classes. Table 4. Average pages and Standard Deviation of Detail Design Documents Year 2004 2005 Absorb GT11 301 2006 2007 2008 Starting Point 21 21 21 21 0 14 14 0 Average DDD 25. 8 31. 1 18 22 14 18. 3 12. 5 9. 5 Standard Deviation 8. 39 7. 48 7. 70 7. 8 5. 19 XP teams increased their design documents with each iteration. Because the XP teams followed Test-Driven Development, they wrote their code and had an emergent design. At the end of each iteration, the teams were asked to update the design document to reflect heavy design decisions they had made during that iteration. Therefore, the design document serves a different point in XP. It is not a template or blueprint for emerging construction. Instead, it can be a guide for understanding why current decisions were made. In this regard, it is a biography of the development, ot a plan of action. 4. 4. New lines of cite code and comments, Percent age of comments in codes Table 5 shows that Waterfall teams starting with Pet 1. 0 produced lines of code with a wide variance. The two XP teams starting with Pet 1. 0 fell right within the middle of the average. Because quite of producing some documents up front, the XP teams spent a longer time coding, one would expect them to produce more lines of code. The research results besides show that XP Teams had a higher percentage of comments in origination code. Table 5. Average and Standard Deviation of new lines in code Year terminology Average new lines in code Standard Deviation Lines of test codes Ratio of test codes to program code 2004 2005 Absorb GT11 301 2006 2007 2008 Java Java Java Java Java Java Java Ruby 9,429 11,910 13,288 14,689 0 9,628 8,572 3,670 7,946 9,851 4,920 5,465 1,507 3378 4164 1380 3186 947 3555 2212 3,255 8% 13% 4% 8% 8% 16% 10% 90% 4. 5. Submitted lines of test codes and ratio of test code to program code The observance of these two metrics in Table 5 sh ows that the fall of test code written by the Waterfall teams equals the amount of test code written by the XP teams.Initially the faculty thought that Test-Driven Development would increase the amount of testing code, however, given a slow adoption rate of Test-Driven Development, programmers resorted to what was acquainted(predicate) and thus produced similar results. 5. Conclusion In this paper, we observed and presented the data from quint years of 50 teams developing the same project each year and the affects of transitioning from Waterfall to Extreme Programming. The characteristics between these two methods were evaluated and compared.Waterfall teams spent more time creating high ceremony documents where as Extreme Programming teams spent more time writing code and documenting their design in their code. Surprisingly, the amount of code and features completed were roughly the same for both methods suggesting that on a three month project with three to four developers it do esnt matter the method used. It is challenge to conduct this kind of analysis of the data in hindsight. Given that this is not a toy problem, and the freedom teams have in the execution of their projects, background signal up this kind of experiment properly in advance is also challenge. . References 1 Sommerville, package engineering, 8th ed. , New York Addison-Wesley, Harlow, England, 2006. 2 W. Royce, Managing the Development of Large Software Systems, IEEE WESTCON, Los Angeles, 1970. 3 A. Abran and J. W. Moore, Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge trial version (version 0. 95) IEEE computing device golf club Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 2001. 4 Kent Beck and Cynthia Andres, Extreme programming eXplained embrace change, Second Edition, MA Addison-Wesley, 2004. 5 microphone Cohn, Agile estimating and planning, Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, Nov 11, 2005. 6 Barry, Boehm and Richard Turner, Balancing carefreeness and Discipline A Guide for the Perplexed, Addison Wesley, August 15, 2003. 7 Basil, V. R. , Selby, R. and Hutchens, D. , Experimentation in Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (invited paper), July 1986. 8 Andrew Begel and Nachiappan Nagappan, Usage and Perceptions of Agile Software Development in an Industrial Context An Exploratory Study, MiIEEE computer community MSR-TR-2007-09, no. 2007) 10. 9 Ming Huo, June Verner, Muhammad Ali Babar, and Liming Zhu, How does agility ensure quality? , IEEE Seminar Digests 2004, (2004)36. 10 Jan Chong, Robert Plummer, Larry Leifer, Scott R. Klemmer, and George Toye. play off Programming When and why it forges, In Proceedings of Psychology of Programming Interest Group 2005 Workshop, Brighton, UK, June 2005. 11 Glaser, Barney G, Strauss, and Anselm L. , The discovery of Grounded Theory Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, 1967.Comparing Extreme Programming and Waterfall Project ResultsComparing Extreme Progra mming and Waterfall Project Results Feng Ji Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley Campus Mountain View, CA, 94035 email&160protected com Todd Sedano Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley Campus Mountain View, CA, 94035 todd. email&160protected cmu. edu Abstract Waterfall and Extreme Programming are two software project methods used for project management. Although there are a number of opinions comparing the two methods regarding how they should be applied, none have used project data to clearly conclude which one is better.In this paper, we present the results of a controlled empirical study conducted at Carnegie Mellon University in Silicon Valley to learn about the effective transition from traditional development to agile development. We conducted a comparison research against these two approaches. Multiple teams were assigned a project some used Waterfall development, others used Extreme Programming. The purpose of this research is to look at advantages and disadvantag es based upon the outcomes, generated artifacts, and metrics produced by the teams. 1. Introduction 1. 1.Agile vs traditionalistic Since the early 1970s, numerous software managers have explored different ways of software development methods (such as Waterfall model, evolutionary model, spiral model and so forth ) those have been developed to accomplish these goals and have been widely used by the software industry 1. Methodologists often describe the Waterfall method as a stereotypical traditional method whereas they describe Extreme Programming as the stereotypical agile method. The Waterfall model, as the oldest traditional software development method, was cited by Winston W.Royce in 1970 2. He divided the software development lifecycle into seven sequential and linear stages Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, and Maintenance. The Waterfall model is especially used for large and complex engineering projects. Waterfalls lasting impression upon softwa re engineering is seen even in the Guide to Software Engineering Body of experience which introduces the first vanadium knowledge areas based upon their sequence in the Waterfall lifecycle even though the Guide does not recommend any special lifecycle 3.Although the Waterfall model has been adopted in many large and complex projects, it still has some inherent drawbacks, like inflexibility in the face of changing requirements 1. If large amounts of project resources have been invested in requirements and design activities, accordingly changes can be very costly later. High ceremony bread and butter is not necessary in all projects. Agile methods deal well with unstable and volatile requirements by using a number of techniques of which most notable are low ceremony documents, short iterations, early testing, and guest collaboration.Kent Beck and Cynthia Andres define Extreme Programming 2. 0 with many practices 4, like Pair Programming, Test First Programming, and Continuous In tegration and so on. These characteristics enable agile methods to obtain the smallest workable piece of functionality to deliver business value early and continually improving it while adding further functionality throughout the life of the project 5. 1. 2. PET project background Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley students start their master program with the Foundations of Software Engineering course. This course is team-based, project-based, and mentored.Each team builds The Process enactment Tool (PET). The user personas are software developers and managers. The tool helps users plan, estimate, and execute a project plan while analyzing historical data. The tools domain encourages students to learn about software lifecycles and methods while understanding the benefit of metrics and reflection. 1. 2. 1. PET 1. 0 In 2001, Carnegie Mellon had one of the largest outsourcing firms in the world develop Pet 1. 0. later on the student teams were brought in to do the next release . The initial offerings of the course had the teams follow a Waterfall lifecycle.The faculty decided to use Extreme Programming as the method for the Foundations course because it was an agile method, it had good engineering practices, and it was a safe sandbox environment for engineers to try paired programming since many managers in industry were initially skeptical about its benefits. In 2005, the faculty allowed three of the sixteen teams tried our new curriculum to see if there were any serious issues in the switch, while other thirteen teams move to follow a start point in 2004. The feedback was extremely ordained so in 2006, all teams followed Extreme Programming.For the project plan duration, Waterfall teams needed fifteen weeks to finish their tasks where as Extreme Programming teams were given only thirteen weeks, a 13% reduction in time. 1. 2. 2. PET 1. 1 In 2005, the VP of Engineering advised the three teams that rewriting the code from scratch would be easier than wor king with the existing code base. Team 301 decided to use the latest in Java technologies including vacillation and Hibernate. PET 1. 1, the teams product became the starting point for the students in the following year. 1. 2. 3. PET 1. 2 In 2008, the faculty switched the core technology from Java to Ruby on Rails.Ruby on Rails convention over configuration, afforded a lower knowledge curve for students. For Pet 1. 2, students would build their projects from scratch. 2. Related work Much research has been done as to when to use an agile method and when to use a traditional method. For example, Boehm Turners home grounds look at several characteristics, criticality, culture, and vim 6. Our paper aims to extend these limitations to some degree by estimating Waterfall and XP in an academic case study, which provide a substantive ground for researchers before replicating their ideas in industry.Basili 7 presented a framework for analyzing most of the experimental work performed in so ftware engineering. We learned that how to conduct a controlled experiment. Andrew and Nachiappan 8 reported on the results of an empirical study conducted at Microsoft by using an anonymous web-based survey. They found that one third of the study respondents use Agile methodologies to varying degrees and most view it favorably due to improved communication between team members, profligate releases and the increased flexibility of agile designs.Their findings that we will consider in our prox work is that developers are most worried about scaling Agile to larger projects, and coordinating agile and traditional teams. Our work is closely relate to the work by Ming Huo et al 9. They compared the Waterfall model with agile processes to show how agile methods achieve software quality. They also showed how agile methods attain quality under time pressure and in an unstable requirements environment. They presented a detailed Waterfall model showing its software quality support processe s.Other work has only illustrates one or some Agile practices such as pair programming 10. 3. Experimental methodology Our research was conducted primarily using Glasers steps 11 in the constant comparison method of analysis. Step1 Begin stack away data. We collected more than 50 teams detailed data during a five year period as Table 1 shows. Table 1. Team building the same project 2004 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 Method Waterfall Waterfall XP XP XP XP Language Java Java Java Java Java Ruby Project PET1. 0 PET1. 0 PET1. 0 PET1. 1 PET1. 1 PET1. 2 numbers game of Teams 10 13 3 9 6 11Step2 Look for attain issues, recurrent events, or activities in the data that become categories for focus. The approach in software design makes us categorize the data into two classifiable software development methods, namely Waterfall and Extreme Programming. Step3 Collect data that provides many incidents of the categories of focus with an eye to seeing the diversity of the dimensions under the categor ies. jibe to Basili7, we provided some metrics to compare these two categories, Waterfall and XP. Requirements Metrics M1 Numbers of UI screens (ie. mockup) M2 Numbers of use cases (story cards)M3 Pages of Software Requirements Specification (SRS) documents M4 Pages of User Requirements Documents (URD) Design Metric M5 Pages of detailed design documents Implementation Metrics M6 Lines of code M7 Percentage of lines of comments to lines of source code M8 Lines of test cases M9 Ratio of lines of test code to lines of program code Step4 Write about the categories that we are exploring, attempting to describe and account for all the incidents we have in our data while continually searching for new incidents. Step5 Work with the data and emerging model to discover basic social processes and relationships.Step6 work in sampling, coding, and writing as the analysis focuses on the core categories. During 2005, there were 13 teams following Waterfall and 3 teams following XP during the sam e period of time. These three teams, team Absorb, GT11 and 301 are interesting teams to sample as we can compare their data against the Waterfall teams doing the exact same project. 4. Experimental results 4. 1. UI screens (M1) and Story cards (M2) comparison These wide ranges can be seen in Table 2 and Table 3 where the standard deviation of the UI mockups is often half the document size.Comparing use cases to story cards in Table 3, we see that the standard deviation for use cases is much lower than the standard deviation for story cards. This is expected since use cases are a higher ceremony document when compared to story cards. Teams might give atomic consideration to how to represent each feature on a story card whereas a team writing a use case step by step how a user will use the system will spend much more time thought process about the coupling and cohesion of each use case. Table 2. Average numbers and Standard Deviation of mockups Year 004 2005 Absorb GT11 301 2006 20 07 2008 Average mockups 15. 5 11. 8 17 18 9 15 12. 8 17. 7 Standard Deviation of mockups 6. 6 6. 3 5. 4 3. 1 8. 8 Table 3. Average numbers and Standard Deviation of use cases/story cards Year Average Number Standard Deviation 2004 User cases 18. 7 2005 User cases 18. 9 2. 3 Absorb Story cards 15 1. 6 GT11 Story cards 13 301 Story cards 18 2006 Story cards 16. 6 2007 Story cards 18. 3 2008 Story cards 16. 6 7. 5 6. 8 8. 0 4. 2. Requirement documents (M3&038M4) Starting with PET 1. 0, Waterfall teams on average add 1. 7 use cases and modified 2. use cases. Teams were given a 28 page System Requirements Specification (SRS) and on averaged finished with a 34 page SRS. XP teams starting with PET 1. 0 were given the same starting documents. Instead of modifying them, the teams created story cards that represented each new feature. Instead of spending time on writing use cases, XP teams started coding sooner. Because XP has an emphasis on low ceremony documents, they had more time to code resulting in an effort savings for the teams. 4. 3. Comparing the size of the detail design documents (M5) There are some insights from Table 4.Waterfall teams using Pet 1. 0 started with a 21 page Detailed Design Document (DDD), which they altered to reflect their new use cases. Waterfall teams typically did not update their design documents at the end of the project. Given the circumstance of the project, Waterfall teams final code matched the original design with respect to new classes. Table 4. Average pages and Standard Deviation of Detail Design Documents Year 2004 2005 Absorb GT11 301 2006 2007 2008 Starting Point 21 21 21 21 0 14 14 0 Average DDD 25. 8 31. 1 18 22 14 18. 3 12. 5 9. 5 Standard Deviation 8. 39 7. 48 7. 70 7. 8 5. 19 XP teams increased their design documents with each iteration. Because the XP teams followed Test-Driven Development, they wrote their code and had an emergent design. At the end of each iteration, the teams were asked to update the design documen t to reflect essential design decisions they had made during that iteration. Therefore, the design document serves a different purpose in XP. It is not a template or blueprint for upcoming construction. Instead, it can be a guide for understanding why definite decisions were made. In this regard, it is a biography of the development, ot a plan of action. 4. 4. New lines of source code and comments, Percentage of comments in codes Table 5 shows that Waterfall teams starting with Pet 1. 0 produced lines of code with a wide variance. The two XP teams starting with Pet 1. 0 fell right within the middle of the average. Because preferably of producing some documents up front, the XP teams spent a longer time coding, one would expect them to produce more lines of code. The research results also show that XP Teams had a higher percentage of comments in source code. Table 5. Average and Standard Deviation of new lines in code YearLanguage Average new lines in code Standard Deviation Line s of test codes Ratio of test codes to program code 2004 2005 Absorb GT11 301 2006 2007 2008 Java Java Java Java Java Java Java Ruby 9,429 11,910 13,288 14,689 0 9,628 8,572 3,670 7,946 9,851 4,920 5,465 1,507 3378 4164 1380 3186 947 3555 2212 3,255 8% 13% 4% 8% 8% 16% 10% 90% 4. 5. Submitted lines of test codes and ratio of test code to program code The mirror image of these two metrics in Table 5 shows that the amount of test code written by the Waterfall teams equals the amount of test code written by the XP teams.Initially the faculty thought that Test-Driven Development would increase the amount of testing code, however, given a slow adoption rate of Test-Driven Development, programmers resorted to what was old(prenominal) and thus produced similar results. 5. Conclusion In this paper, we observed and presented the data from five years of 50 teams developing the same project each year and the affects of transitioning from Waterfall to Extreme Programming. The characteristics between these two methods were evaluated and compared.Waterfall teams spent more time creating high ceremony documents where as Extreme Programming teams spent more time writing code and documenting their design in their code. Surprisingly, the amount of code and features completed were roughly the same for both methods suggesting that on a three month project with three to four developers it doesnt matter the method used. It is challenging to conduct this kind of analysis of the data in hindsight. Given that this is not a toy problem, and the freedom teams have in the execution of their projects, move up this kind of experiment properly in advance is also challenging. . References 1 Sommerville, Software engineering, 8th ed. , New York Addison-Wesley, Harlow, England, 2006. 2 W. Royce, Managing the Development of Large Software Systems, IEEE WESTCON, Los Angeles, 1970. 3 A. Abran and J. W. Moore, Guide to the software engineering body of knowledge trial version (version 0. 95) IEE E Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 2001. 4 Kent Beck and Cynthia Andres, Extreme programming eXplained embrace change, Second Edition, MA Addison-Wesley, 2004. 5 microphone Cohn, Agile estimating and planning, Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference, Nov 11, 2005. 6 Barry, Boehm and Richard Turner, Balancing lightness and Discipline A Guide for the Perplexed, Addison Wesley, August 15, 2003. 7 Basil, V. R. , Selby, R. and Hutchens, D. , Experimentation in Software Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (invited paper), July 1986. 8 Andrew Begel and Nachiappan Nagappan, Usage and Perceptions of Agile Software Development in an Industrial Context An Exploratory Study, MiIEEE Computer Society MSR-TR-2007-09, no. 2007) 10. 9 Ming Huo, June Verner, Muhammad Ali Babar, and Liming Zhu, How does agility ensure quality? , IEEE Seminar Digests 2004, (2004)36. 10 Jan Chong, Robert Plummer, Larry Leifer, Scott R. Klemmer, and George Toye. Pair Programming W hen and why it Works, In Proceedings of Psychology of Programming Interest Group 2005 Workshop, Brighton, UK, June 2005. 11 Glaser, Barney G, Strauss, and Anselm L. , The uncovering of Grounded Theory Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago, 1967.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born to James and Sara Roosevelt on January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, revolutionary York. His father was a prominent land owner and a businessman with a tremendous amount of wealth. His mother came from a prosperous family and was k straightn for her aristocratic demeanor and her independence. Franklin D. Roosevelt was his parents wholly child and they spoiled him real much. The Roosevelts lived in a fully grown estate with m whatsoever workers attending to the farm.Franklin D. Roosevelt was home school until he was a teenager. Once 14, his parents sent him to the Groton School. The Groton School was a school for private schooling offered only to the discussions of the most wealthiest and causationful in America. Roosevelt was not very acrobatic or popular stock-still he did try to become much athletic as he progresses in years at Groton. afterward graduating high school, Franklin decided to attend Harvard College in 1900 and graduated in 1903. slice he was at Harvard, Franklin officially declared himself a Democrat. He withal went on to attend Columbia Law School, although he was not that interested in studying law.Roosevelt policy-making conduct was constantly growing during its life time. Roosevelt policy-making life all began in the state senate from Duchess County, New York. Although it was dominate by Republi tramps and Roosevelt being Democrat he won the race with approximately over a thousand of votes. In the state senate, Roosevelt was an advocate for the farmers in his region. In 1912, when re- picks were held, Roosevelt was re-elected to the state senate. He would ulterior fashion a birth with Louis Howe, who would be his chief political adviser in the upright future. In 1914, Roosevelt tried to win the Democratic nomi res publica for a New York foot open in the U.S. Senate.Although he failed at the task, he did learn that any feuds he had he would have to mend if he valued his political career to s urvive. Roosevelt than went on to become the governor of New York, but a snag occurred in his career collect to the coarse Depression. He believed in procreation and kept working to finding solutions while President clean was losing favor with the American people. Franklin Roosevelt was in a prime position now to run for the presidency.Franklin Roosevelt ran against President Herbert Hoover for the presidency in 1932. Franklin Roosevelt won the election by a landslide in the popular and Electoral College votes. He ran again in 1936 against Alfred Landon and won once again. In the election of 1940, Roosevelt ran against Wendell L. Willkie who was a true Democrat at heart. In Roosevelts last call up for presidency in 1944 he ran against Republican nominated Thomas Dewey. He beat him with no competition with majority of popular and Electoral College votes. Democrats as well had a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. This made his commencement ceremony ter m real easy to make changes to the government swiftly. His vice presidents were trick Garner, Henry Wallace, and bother Truman. He was elected to four terms which lasted from 1932-1945.Roosevelt had umteen domestic affairs task to complete while he was in office. His first challenge would be to rescue the country out of the mop up depression in history. Many Americans lost their jobs, savings, and bank failures occurred in 1933. Roosevelt bring through the acres through his various New Deal policies. The First New Deal took affect soon as Roosevelt became president in 1932. carnal knowledge and Roosevelt worked together diligently to pass bills that were suppose to end the economical stir of America. The First New Deal stabilized Americas pecuniary system, provided suffice to the citizens without jobs, and restarted the capitalist deliverance.In addition to fixing the economy, Roosevelt had another flying task he had to solve which was stabilizing the nations banking sy stem. On March 6, he declared a bank holiday which halt people from withdrawing their money from the banks. Roosevelt called congress into an emergency session where they enacted on his banking proposal. The impudent act would allow the federal government to inspect and re-open banks that could be scavenge and close the banks that were damaged. On March 12, Roosevelt went on the radio to speak to the citizens to intercommunicate them of his plan, encourage them to put their money tail into the banks, and promise them that their money would be safe. Within a few weeks people were putting their money back into the bank and he had succeeded in gaining back Americas trust.In the financial sector he established numerous laws that stockbrokers and investors had to comply by to reduce commercial banks from engaging in investment banking. The Securities Act essential corporations to release accurate information about the stocks to investors. The Glass-Steagall Act insured the savings of citizens and prevented banks from using citizens money in investment banking. The Federal Housing judicature allowed for many Americans to buy homes or renovate their homes. Roosevelt had succeeded in reviving the nations economy.Roosevelt dealt with foreign affairs during his presidency except most of his problems rotated around the Great Depression. Roosevelt believed the depression was a problem that America had created and didnt want the help of any other county. By removing the United States from the supranational gold standard, he made the economy worse by nerve-wracking to inflate the currency to give money to the poor farmers. Roosevelt however strict his mistake and began to work with England and France to stabilize the international economic system.In 1934, Roosevelt won the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act which allowed the U.S. to grant most prosperous nation status to countries America traded with. In 1933, he also changed the consanguinity wit h the Soviet Union Roosevelt established official ties betwixt the two nations. Roosevelt wanted to improve relations and expand America trade opportunities with the Soviet Union. wiz of the best foreign policies was his good neighbor policy to the Latin American countries and other countries in the western hemisphere. Roosevelt in foreign affairs did very well for the country and tried to keep the peace and fix the economic woes the nation was facing.Roosevelt appointed eight Justices, Hugo Black, Stanley Forman Reed, Felix Frankfurther, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, James F. Byrnes, Robert H. Jackson, and Wiley Blount Rutledge, to the Supreme Court. The Great War had its origin in Europe and was growing quickly however the United States decided to remain neutral through the beginning of the war. Congress passed many bills to ensure that the U.S. didnt become involved in the war. On September 1, 1939 conception War II had began. France, Britain, and soon the United States be came associate and lacquer, Germany, and Italy were allies. Roosevelt wanted to help his counterparts but his hands were tied with the Neutrality Act. Ties between the U.S. and Japan were becoming toxic due to the U.S. giving small assistance to China.War came for the United Stated unexpectedly on December 7, 1941 when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor naval base. Congress declared war on Japan on December 8 and three days later Italy and Germany declared war on the United States. America finally had entered World War II. America had many successful wins such as the discharge of Paris in 1944, commonly known as D-Day. The Allies were shutdown in Germany and the war was coming to a close with the victory near for the Allies, but Roosevelt dies before he could see the victory.During his presidency, Roosevelt was marry to his cousin Eleanor Anna Roosevelt. They married on March 17, 1905 and they had six children, but one died in its infancy. His son James joined the Marine, his other two sons, John and Franklin, joined the navy, and his tierce son joined the Air Force. The First Lady did tasks such as support the New Deal Policies of the president and became an advocate for the civil rights. She travelled around to make sure that things were going as plan with her economises policies. Eleanor and Roosevelt had a political relationship more than than a political relationship. Eleanor had found out about an affair Franklin was having with her secretary and offered him a divide in the early years of their marriage. Although the two didnt divorce due to political reasons, they never regained their intimacy back in their relationship. As a result, Roosevelt continued to have affairs with various women.Unfortunately, President Roosevelt wasnt adequate to(p) to finish his fourth term because he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. His Vice-President Harry Truman became president after his death on April 12, 1945. Roosevelt died n April 12, 1945 in affectionate Springs, Geor gia. The legacy of President Roosevelt is by far one of the greatest. He was the only president to serve four terms and he accomplished more than all his predecessors in the White House. He was able to recover the nations economy during the Great Depression and contribute to the U.S. victory in World War II. FDR is ranked as one of the nations greatest president. He connected with the American people and did everything in his power to ensure success came of the government. He set a new public house of expectation of the future generations of presidents.I personally rank President Roosevelt as one of the nations greatest president. He was able to pass the U.S. out of the Great Depression something that previous presidents could not accomplish. He also made policies that are still in effect today that help shape the finance of the U.S. which is important. I think every president can look at what President Roosevelt did and take something from his twelve years in office. He really ca red for the American people and pushed for a good economy and keeping the peace.Work CitiedLeuchtenburg, William E., ed. American PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945).Millercenter.org. Web. 19 Oct. 2011.Roberts, Jeremy. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Learner Publications Company, 2003. Print.

Group Manuscript

Bacterial prison cells be a common choice for in vivo replica of deoxyribonucleic acid of interest, and in this study, the heat shock method was employed for bacterial transformation. Plasmids, which ar DNA molecules themselves, were use as expression vectors for the DNA of interest, the initiative cistron. Because only change cells exhibit antibiotic resistance, trans armed cells survived on scale of measurements chastening inclining. tho those cells that took up plasmid s containing the s alvirtuosoy gene glowd in IV light.By restriction enzyme analysis and mousse electro prophesiers, the consanguinity among geno suit and phenotype was disc over apply isolated p zamias from the bacteria. Because the presence of the time out gene codes for fluorescence, it is expect t hat a genotype coding for the protein would express the lambency phenotype. Regular action of GAP gene expression was observed in samples that were grown with rabbinate, inimical in, and varying a mounts Of glucose. Our results Suggest that the presence Of glucose in the s rounding environment inhibited transcription from the rabbinate bad promoter. Age 3 INTRODUCTION This study examined the transcriptional regulation Of the rabbinate Oberon pr emoted found in Escherichia coli (E. Coli). To still this study, the Green Fluorescence t protein (GAP) was utilized as a reporter gene with the rabbinate promoter. The KEEP gene w as 772 base pairs (BP) long and was extracted from words Victoria. This gene was implanted into plasmids, which were inserted into the E. Coli through bacterial transformation (3). In separate to obtain enough copies of these DNA samples in a reasonable ammo NT of time, 2 methods can be utilize.The first is considered in vitro , or in glass, (such as a test tube) and is known as polymerase chain reaction. This method, in which a machine heats t he DNA sample ND Tag polymerase clones the DNA, is expensive and less convenient, so it is not always employ. The new(prenominal) method is In Vivo , or in life, and is call(a)ed transformation. This method was apply in this experiment by shocking E. Coli bacteria with heat in secern for them to take in plasmids that were transformed to contain the GAP gene. Not all bacteria were transformed, and not all transformed bacteria contained the GAP gene.To recount between transformed and n untransformed bacteria, they were grown on inclining, as the transformed bacteria were rest assistant to impact Olin but the untransformed bacteria were killed by it. The plasmids with and with out the GAP gene were differentiated by visualization under(a) IV light (4). The genotype of the remaining plasmids, both transformed and nontransparent med, were wherefore tested to determine the relationship between the genotype, or plasmid c im grade, and phenotype, or presence of fluorescence.The plasmids were removed from the e bacteria, with some samples left unanimous as controls and others cut into pieces by restriction enzymes. In this case, doll, originating from Hemophilia influenza , was the enzyme used to cut the plasmids Page 4 at their respective posterior doll spots, where the GAP gene would have been inserted. This was done to determine whether or not the KEEP gene was taken in by the plasmids when it was electrophoresis, as the difference in coat of the pieces was observed in the gag arose gel (4).Even though a transformed bacterium whitethorn have had the GAP gene in its insert Ted plasmid, it needed the promoter bad (consisting of genes Arab, field of honor, and award) and t he GAP gene in the right direction and position in hostel for the bacterium to have the potent al for fluorescence. It may still not have fluoresced if there was not enough rabbinate register for the bad promoter to run, or if a high c oncentration of glucose intimate the cell was fall in to rep as the bad promoter.With all the prerequisite genetic coding for fluorescence, the amount that wa s visible depended on the amount of glucose present, as no glucose caused it to floorer see brightly, and a low concentration made it reflect dully (4). Each step of this experiment was vital in analyzing the transcriptional mystify on of the rabbinate Oberon promoter. Through bacterial transformation, recombinant DNA and cloning methods were used in order to insert the GAP gene into the plasmid.The pellet of cells was then restart need use a pipette and vortex mixer. This leases for a XX concentration to be obtained. After spreading, the four homes were incubated upside down (overnight at 370 C) in a microbial incubator. Following incubation from each one place was placed upside down n a IV case and photographical recorded. Restriction Analysis In restriction analysis, two restriction enzyme digestion reactions (one unmown b Y enzyme, one cut by enzyme) occurred for each of the two DNA samples (nonresistant and non page 6 fluorescent, resistant and inflorescent, and resis tant and fluorescent).For the uncut samples, components were added in the following order Pl XIX Buffer ( supplied by environment by life technologies containing 100 mm Trisect, pH 7. 5 100 mm Magical mm Theoretical 500 mm Nasal), 1 Pl Water, and 5 Pl DNA For the uncut samples, components were e added in the allowing order Pl XIX Buffer, Pl Water, pi DNA, and III Handbill NZ. (sup plied by invitation by life technologies). After all components were added they were mixed by overexerting and collected at the bottom of the tubes by using the microelectronic gem The tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37 co.Following incubation, Pl of XIX loading g buffer (1% (w/v) SD (sodium decoded sulfate) 50% (v/v) glycerol 0. 05% (w/ v) bronchiole blue) was added to each tube. The samples were mixed by overexerting and collected at the e bottom of the tubes using the microelectronic- Agrees gel electrophoresis was prepared by ding Pl of 1 KGB sum ladder ( supplied by environment by life t echnologies) into the first and net well. 12. Pl of each sample was then loaded into remaining wells on the gel and the electro prioress was run for 1 hour at 1 VIVO.The gels were then placed in a IV box and photographed. employ the photo of the gel, the genotypes of each sample were verified. This was done by finding the size of fragments through comparison with the DNA standard ladder. Gene demonstration TO allow for observation Of phenotypes gene expression, bacteria were transfer erred to three types of media inducing, introducing, and repressing. Five plates were used LB,Amp, LB/Marry, LB/Amp/AR/Glue 0. 2%, LB/Amp/AR/Glue 0. 5%, LB/ Amp/AR/Glue 2% (xx).On each plate, bacteria with empty plasmids and therefore no GAP gene for flour essence were spread on one half, and bacteria with plasmids containing the GAP insert were e transferred to the Page 7 other. two of these types of cells came from a master plate. Using a sterile to toothpick, each type of bacteria was patched in the appropriate area of each plate. GAP+ bacteria were patched in a + shape, while GAP bacteria were patched in a shape. Plates were labeled properly and Leary and were placed Poseidon in a ICC incubator overnight.Plates were e observed for fluorescent bacteria on the IV transformational box after 24 hours, after 72 h ours, and again after 96 hours. Page 8 RESULTS Bacterial translation In order to investigate GAP gene expression, it was first necessary to obtain co pies of the DNA of interest through bacterial transformation, which allowed for plasmid ( and sometimes GAP) uptake by numerous bacterium. Phenotypes results from this procedure can designate possible genotypes. Transformation plates that were prepared after heat shoo KC transformation can be Seen in Figure 2.Individual colonies were visible on each AMP+ plate, while a lawn of bacteria had formed on the AMP plate and individual colonies were not discern enable. Under IV light, fluorescence was observed in those colonie s expressing the GAP gene. If guru E highlights the difference observed between glowing and knowing bacterial colonies. The fraction of colonies that appear fluorescent and are assumed to be GAP+ is note in sidestep e 1 along with complete results of this bacterial transformation (4).Structural Analysis by Restriction Analysis and Gel Electrophoresis TO confirm the structure Of DNA plasmid genotypes, samples were run through h gel electrophoresis after being treated with a restriction enzyme specific for cleave ins the gene of interest (GAP). Standards were run along with each of the components on the electrophoresis gel. In order to determine size in base pairs of fragments of interest, a graph of the e relationship between the size and migration of the bands in the 1 KGB overconfident DNA Ladder was assembled (Figure 4), and a line of best fit was primed(p).The relationship between the base 1 O log of size and migration is linear, and graphing them unneurotic gave a trend lin e with an ex. action useful in find out the size of experimental fragments with known migration values. These were the fragments obtained by cleaving the plasmids with the Handbill restriction enzyme. Table 2 page 9 organizes the sizes and migration distances for the fragments of the standard included during electrophoresis. These values were used to construct the calibration curve m mentioned before (Figure 4).Figure 3 shows the agrees gel obtained by gel electrophoresis. Ta able 3 lists all sizes determined based on comparison with the calibration curve generated from migration standards (Figure 4). Sizes are noted for both the vector and the insert (4). Analysis of Reporter Gene Expression Investigation of gene regulation and interaction of environmental rabbinate a ND/or glucose with genotype required GAP+ cells to be spread on various plates, an d fluorescence to be observed over time.Table 4 summarizes the observations of the phenotype o f patches streaked onto AMP plates con taining or lacking rabbinate and/ or glucose. effulgence patches suggest expression of the GAP gene. Observations show that the rabbinate sample pop site for the GAP insert fluoresced brightly as time went on. The sample with rabbinate and 0. 2 % glucose increasingly fluoresced over time, while plates higher in percentage glucose c imposition did not fluoresce. Cells that were GAP were also spread in order to serve as a surrogate et marker.These cells do not contain the gene for GAP, so they will not fluoresce under IV light . This gives a comparison, making it easier to determine if cells are expressing GAP fluoresce once or not page 10 DISCUSSION ruler of Gene Expression The samples that were grown with rabbinate, inclining, and varying amounts of glucose showed that the presence of glucose in a bacteriums surrounding environment NT can affect the ability of its rabbinate bad promoter. The plate with no glucose added flour cede brightly, while the plates with glucose added showe d very little to no fluorescence.The only plate with glucose added that fluoresced in the end was the plate with the least glucose added These results are due to the glucose inhibiting the rabbinate Oberon from trap inscribing the bad promoter DNA. When glucose is present in a bacterium, the cell metal likes the glucose instead of the rabbinate, and the rabbinate Oberon is not utilized. However, when the cell is lacking glucose, it reaches a state of hunger and begins producing cyclic adenosine Mephistopheles (CAMP). This reacts with the CAMP receptor protein (CROP), who chi allows the cell to use rabbinate to induce the transcription of the rabbinate bad prom otter.This promoter contains the genes Arab area , and award, which are part of the rabbinate Oberon. This system can only function if rabbinate is present in the cell otherwise the gene arc will forestall the rabbinate Oberon from carrying out transcription by forming a knot, or loop in the DNA The rabbinate bad promoter rea cts with the GAP gene to show when the Arabian SSE Oberon is in use and how strongly it is induced by rabbinate (5). The plate with the least glucose added began to glow over time, as the cell be an using up the glucose in its environment by metabolize it for energy.It started to FL recurrences dully once the concentration of glucose was not high enough to fully repress the AR baboons Oberon, showing that there is a range of repression and induction, not just a state of on and off for page 11 these function. The more the bacteria used the glucose, the less of it was arrow ND to repress the Oberon, which is why its fluorescence strength grew over time. If the study WA s to be continued past the 96 hour mark, all of the plates would have eventually fluoresced as t hey used up their loses resources and began activating the rabbinate Oberon (4).